diff --git a/src/symbols/factory.rs b/src/symbols/factory.rs
index b7051a7..2eb5829 100644
--- a/src/symbols/factory.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/factory.rs
@@ -38,21 +38,14 @@ pub struct DefaultPolicy;
 
 impl Policy for DefaultPolicy {}
 
-pub struct SymbolFactory<
-  'a,
-  C: 'a + CommandRunner,
-  R: 'a + SymbolRunner,
-  P: 'a + Policy,
-> {
+pub struct SymbolFactory<'a, C: 'a + CommandRunner, R: 'a + SymbolRunner, P: 'a + Policy> {
   command_runner: &'a C,
   acme_factory: AcmeFactory<'a, Cow<'a, str>, PathBuf, &'a str, C>,
   symbol_runner: &'a R,
   policy: &'a P,
 }
 
-impl<'b, C: 'b + CommandRunner, R: 'b + SymbolRunner, P: 'b + Policy>
-  SymbolFactory<'b, C, R, P>
-{
+impl<'b, C: 'b + CommandRunner, R: 'b + SymbolRunner, P: 'b + Policy> SymbolFactory<'b, C, R, P> {
   pub fn new(command_runner: &'b C, symbol_runner: &'b R, policy: &'b P, cert: &'b str) -> Self {
     let acme_user = policy.acme_user();
     let acme_home = policy.home_for_user(&acme_user);
@@ -356,43 +349,43 @@ env[PATH] = /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
     self.acme_factory.get_init()
   }
 
-  pub fn get_systemd_user_service<'a>(
+  pub fn get_systemd_user_service<'a, U: 'a + AsRef<str> + Clone>(
     &'a self,
-    user_name: Cow<'a, str>,
+    user_name: U,
     service_name: &'a str,
-    config: Cow<'a, str>,
+    config: String,
   ) -> impl Symbol + 'a {
-    let socket_path = self.policy.socket_path(&user_name, service_name);
-    let home = self.policy.home_for_user(&user_name);
+    let socket_path = self.policy.socket_path(user_name.as_ref(), service_name);
+    let home = self.policy.home_for_user(user_name.as_ref());
     UserService::new(
-      socket_path.into(),
-      home.into(),
+      socket_path,
+      &home,
       user_name,
       service_name,
       self.command_runner,
-      config.into(),
+      config,
     )
   }
 
-  fn get_nodejs_systemd_user_service<'a, T: Into<Cow<'a, Path>>>(
+  fn get_nodejs_systemd_user_service<'a, U: 'a + AsRef<str> + Clone>(
     &'a self,
-    user_name: Cow<'a, str>,
+    user_name: U,
     service_name: &'a str,
-    path: T,
+    path: &'a Path,
   ) -> impl Symbol + 'a {
-    let socket_path = self.policy.socket_path(&user_name, service_name);
-    let home = self.policy.home_for_user(&user_name);
+    let socket_path = self.policy.socket_path(user_name.as_ref(), service_name);
+    let home = self.policy.home_for_user(user_name.as_ref());
     UserService::new_nodejs(
-      home.into(),
+      &home,
       user_name,
       service_name,
-      path.into(),
+      path,
       self.command_runner,
-      socket_path.into(),
+      socket_path,
     )
   }
 
-  pub fn proxy_socket<'a, T: Into<Cow<'a, Path>>>(
+  pub fn proxy_socket<'a, T: AsRef<Path>>(
     &'a self,
     host_name: &'static str,
     service_name: &'a str,
@@ -402,21 +395,15 @@ env[PATH] = /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
     let socket_path = self.policy.socket_path(&user_name, service_name);
     self.get_nginx_acme_server(
       host_name,
-      NginxServer::new_proxy(host_name, socket_path, root_dir.into(), self.command_runner),
+      NginxServer::new_proxy(host_name, socket_path, root_dir, self.command_runner),
     )
   }
 
-  pub fn serve_nodejs<
-    'a,
-    'c: 'a,
-    S: 'a + Symbol,
-    T: 'a + Into<Cow<'a, Path>>,
-    SP: 'a + Into<Cow<'a, Path>>,
-  >(
+  pub fn serve_nodejs<'a, 'c: 'a, S: 'a + Symbol, SP: 'a + AsRef<Path>>(
     &'c self,
     host: &'static str,
     service_name: &'a str,
-    path: T,
+    path: &'a Path,
     static_path: SP,
     nodejs_symbol: S,
   ) -> impl Symbol + 'a {
@@ -424,7 +411,7 @@ env[PATH] = /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
     List::from((
       Hook::new(
         nodejs_symbol,
-        self.get_nodejs_systemd_user_service(user_name.into(), service_name, path),
+        self.get_nodejs_systemd_user_service(user_name, service_name, path),
       ),
       self.proxy_socket(host, service_name, static_path),
     ))
diff --git a/src/symbols/systemd/user_service.rs b/src/symbols/systemd/user_service.rs
index 253d404..b3e9359 100644
--- a/src/symbols/systemd/user_service.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/systemd/user_service.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::fmt;
@@ -46,29 +45,31 @@ impl<E: Error> Error for UserServiceError<E> {
 impl<E: Error> fmt::Display for UserServiceError<E> {
   fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
     write!(f, "{}", self.description())?;
-    if let UserServiceError::ActivationFailed(Ok(ref log)) = self {
+    if let Self::ActivationFailed(Ok(ref log)) = self {
       write!(f, ": {:?}", log)?;
     };
     Ok(())
   }
 }
 
-pub struct UserService<'a, C: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> {
-  socket_path: Cow<'a, Path>,
+pub struct UserService<'a, S: AsRef<Path>, U: AsRef<str>, C: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> {
+  socket_path: S,
   service_name: &'a str,
-  user_name: Cow<'a, str>,
+  user_name: U,
   command_runner: R,
   config: FileSymbol<C, PathBuf>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, R: CommandRunner> UserService<'a, String, SetuidCommandRunner<'a, Cow<'a, str>, R>> {
+impl<'a, S: AsRef<Path>, U: AsRef<str> + Clone, R: CommandRunner>
+  UserService<'a, S, U, String, SetuidCommandRunner<'a, U, R>>
+{
   pub fn new_nodejs(
-    home: Cow<'a, Path>,
-    user_name: Cow<'a, str>,
+    home: &'_ Path,
+    user_name: U,
     service_name: &'a str,
-    path: Cow<'a, Path>,
+    path: &'_ Path,
     command_runner: &'a R,
-    socket_path: Cow<'a, Path>,
+    socket_path: S,
   ) -> Self {
     let content = format!(
       "[Service]
@@ -88,9 +89,9 @@ Restart=always
 WantedBy=default.target
 ",
       path.to_str().unwrap(),
-      socket_path.to_str().unwrap()
+      socket_path.as_ref().to_str().unwrap()
     );
-    UserService::new(
+    Self::new(
       socket_path,
       home,
       user_name,
@@ -101,15 +102,15 @@ WantedBy=default.target
   }
 
   pub fn new(
-    socket_path: Cow<'a, Path>,
-    home: Cow<'a, Path>,
-    user_name: Cow<'a, str>,
+    socket_path: S,
+    home: &'_ Path,
+    user_name: U,
     service_name: &'a str,
     command_runner: &'a R,
     content: String,
   ) -> Self {
     let config_path: PathBuf = [
-      home.as_ref(),
+      home,
       format!(".config/systemd/user/{}.service", service_name).as_ref(),
     ]
     .iter()
@@ -125,19 +126,21 @@ WantedBy=default.target
   }
 }
 
-impl<'a, C: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> UserService<'a, C, R> {
+impl<'a, S: AsRef<Path>, U: AsRef<str>, C: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner>
+  UserService<'a, S, U, C, R>
+{
   fn systemctl_wait_for_dbus(&self, args: &[&OsStr]) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {
     let mut tries = 5;
     loop {
       let result = self.command_runner.run_with_args("systemctl", args)?;
-      if !result.status.success() {
+      if result.status.success() {
+        return Ok(String::from_utf8(result.stdout)?.trim_end().to_string());
+      } else {
         let raw_stderr = String::from_utf8(result.stderr)?;
         let stderr = raw_stderr.trim_end();
         if stderr != "Failed to connect to bus: No such file or directory" {
           return Err(stderr.into());
         }
-      } else {
-        return Ok(String::from_utf8(result.stdout)?.trim_end().to_string());
       }
       tries -= 1;
       if tries == 0 {
@@ -173,7 +176,9 @@ impl<'a, C: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> UserService<'a, C, R> {
   }
 }
 
-impl<'a, C: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> Symbol for UserService<'a, C, R> {
+impl<'a, S: AsRef<Path>, U: AsRef<str>, C: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> Symbol
+  for UserService<'a, S, U, C, R>
+{
   fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     if !(self.config.target_reached()?) {
       return Ok(false);
@@ -193,7 +198,7 @@ impl<'a, C: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> Symbol for UserService<'a, C, R> {
         ));
       }
 
-      if self.socket_path.exists() {
+      if self.socket_path.as_ref().exists() {
         return Ok(());
       }
       sleep(Duration::from_millis(500));
@@ -203,7 +208,7 @@ impl<'a, C: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> Symbol for UserService<'a, C, R> {
   fn get_prerequisites(&self) -> Vec<Resource> {
     let mut r = vec![Resource::new(
       "file",
-      format!("/var/lib/systemd/linger/{}", self.user_name),
+      format!("/var/lib/systemd/linger/{}", self.user_name.as_ref()),
     )];
     r.extend(self.config.get_prerequisites().into_iter());
     r
@@ -221,7 +226,9 @@ impl<'a, C: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> Symbol for UserService<'a, C, R> {
   }
 }
 
-impl<'a, C: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> fmt::Display for UserService<'a, C, R> {
+impl<'a, S: AsRef<Path>, U: AsRef<str>, C: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> fmt::Display
+  for UserService<'a, S, U, C, R>
+{
   fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
     write!(f, "Systemd user service unit for {}", self.service_name)
   }