From 2d3e3688faddaad303d8f861e8e6aa2ce727fcae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Adrian Heine <mail@adrianheine.de>
Date: Sun, 16 Aug 2020 11:08:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] Experiment with futures

---
 Cargo.toml                           |   5 +-
 src/async_utils.rs                   |  87 ++++++
 src/builder.rs                       | 200 +++++++-------
 src/command_runner.rs                | 124 +++++----
 src/lib.rs                           |  19 +-
 src/locator.rs                       |   2 +
 src/loggers.rs                       | 125 +++++++--
 src/resources/mod.rs                 |  43 ++-
 src/schema.rs                        | 274 ------------------
 src/setup.rs                         | 396 ---------------------------
 src/setup/core.rs                    | 191 +++++++++++++
 src/setup/mod.rs                     |  10 +
 src/setup/runnable.rs                | 193 +++++++++++++
 src/setup/setup.rs                   | 300 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/setup/symbol_runner.rs           | 318 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/setup/util.rs                    |   9 +
 src/symbols/acme/cert.rs             |  61 +++--
 src/symbols/concat.rs                |   6 +-
 src/symbols/cron.rs                  |  27 +-
 src/symbols/dir.rs                   |   6 +-
 src/symbols/file.rs                  |   6 +-
 src/symbols/git/checkout.rs          | 124 +++++++--
 src/symbols/git/mod.rs               |   2 +-
 src/symbols/git/submodules.rs        |  43 ++-
 src/symbols/mariadb/database.rs      |  43 +--
 src/symbols/mariadb/dump.rs          |  43 +--
 src/symbols/mariadb/user.rs          |  24 +-
 src/symbols/mod.rs                   |   6 +-
 src/symbols/npm.rs                   |  53 ++--
 src/symbols/owner.rs                 |  18 +-
 src/symbols/postgresql/database.rs   | 100 ++++---
 src/symbols/saved_directory.rs       |  69 +++--
 src/symbols/systemd/reload.rs        |  18 +-
 src/symbols/systemd/user_service.rs  |  61 +++--
 src/symbols/systemd/user_session.rs  |   7 +-
 src/symbols/tls/csr.rs               |  49 ++--
 src/symbols/tls/key.rs               |  52 ++--
 src/symbols/user.rs                  |  34 ++-
 src/symbols/wordpress/plugin.rs      |  57 ++--
 src/symbols/wordpress/translation.rs |  28 +-
 src/templates/nginx/server.rs        |   1 +
 src/to_artifact.rs                   |   2 +-
 tests/file.rs                        |  57 ++--
 tests/setup.rs                       |  30 +-
 44 files changed, 2081 insertions(+), 1242 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/async_utils.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/schema.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/setup.rs
 create mode 100644 src/setup/core.rs
 create mode 100644 src/setup/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 src/setup/runnable.rs
 create mode 100644 src/setup/setup.rs
 create mode 100644 src/setup/symbol_runner.rs
 create mode 100644 src/setup/util.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 8000d82..0ebcb92 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -6,8 +6,11 @@ edition = "2018"
 build = "src/build.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-users = "0.7.0"
+users = "0.10.0"
 regex = "1.0.1"
+futures = "0.3"
+async-trait = "0.1"
+tokio = { version = "0.2", features = ["process", "io-util", "rt-core", "macros"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 tempdir = "0.3"
diff --git a/src/async_utils.rs b/src/async_utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c1196a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/async_utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+use std::{
+  future::Future,
+  pin::Pin,
+  sync::{Arc, Mutex},
+  task::{Context, Poll, Waker},
+  thread,
+  time::Duration,
+};
+
+pub use async_trait::async_trait;
+
+pub fn run<F: Future>(future: F) -> F::Output {
+  tokio::runtime::Runtime::new().unwrap().block_on(future)
+}
+pub use tokio::try_join;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TimerFuture {
+  state: Arc<Mutex<State>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum State {
+  NotStarted(Duration),
+  Running(Waker),
+  Completed,
+}
+
+impl Future for TimerFuture {
+  type Output = ();
+  fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+    let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap();
+    if let State::Completed = *state {
+      return Poll::Ready(());
+    }
+
+    if let State::NotStarted(duration) = *state {
+      let thread_state = self.state.clone();
+      thread::spawn(move || {
+        thread::sleep(duration);
+        let mut state = thread_state.lock().unwrap();
+        let waker = if let State::Running(waker) = &*state {
+          Some(waker.clone())
+        } else {
+          None
+        };
+        *state = State::Completed;
+        if let Some(w) = waker {
+          w.wake()
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    *state = State::Running(cx.waker().clone());
+    Poll::Pending
+  }
+}
+
+pub fn sleep(duration: Duration) -> impl Future<Output = ()> {
+  TimerFuture {
+    state: Arc::new(Mutex::new(State::NotStarted(duration))),
+  }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+  use crate::async_utils::{run, sleep};
+  use futures::future::FutureExt;
+  use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_sleep() {
+    run(async {
+      let start = Instant::now();
+      let sleep = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).fuse();
+      let ok = async {}.fuse();
+      futures::pin_mut!(sleep, ok);
+      loop {
+        futures::select! {
+          _ = sleep => {},
+          _ = ok => assert!((Instant::now() - start).as_millis() < 100),
+          complete => break,
+        }
+      }
+    })
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/builder.rs b/src/builder.rs
index 6bea5c4..325c29b 100644
--- a/src/builder.rs
+++ b/src/builder.rs
@@ -39,48 +39,49 @@ use crate::to_artifact::ToArtifact;
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
-pub trait SymbolBuilder<R> {
+pub trait ImplementationBuilder<R> {
   type Prerequisites: ToArtifact;
   fn prerequisites(resource: &R) -> Self::Prerequisites;
 
-  type Symbol;
+  type Implementation;
   fn create(
     resource: &R,
     target: &R::Artifact,
     inputs: <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol
+  ) -> Self::Implementation
   where
     R: Resource;
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct DefaultBuilder;
 
-impl<D> SymbolBuilder<Key<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<D> ImplementationBuilder<Key<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = ();
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &Key<D>) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
 
-  type Symbol = KeySymbol<StdCommandRunner, PathBuf>;
+  type Implementation = KeySymbol<StdCommandRunner, PathBuf>;
   fn create(
     _resource: &Key<D>,
     target: &<Key<D> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     KeySymbol::new(StdCommandRunner, target.clone().into())
   }
 }
 
-impl<D: Clone> SymbolBuilder<Csr<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<D: Clone> ImplementationBuilder<Csr<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = Key<D>;
   fn prerequisites(resource: &Csr<D>) -> Self::Prerequisites {
     Key(resource.0.clone())
   }
 
-  type Symbol = CsrSymbol<StdCommandRunner, D, PathBuf, PathBuf>;
+  type Implementation = CsrSymbol<StdCommandRunner, D, PathBuf, PathBuf>;
   fn create(
     resource: &Csr<D>,
     target: &<Csr<D> as Resource>::Artifact,
     key: <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     CsrSymbol::new(
       StdCommandRunner,
       resource.0.clone(),
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ impl<D: Clone> SymbolBuilder<Csr<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
   }
 }
 
-impl<D: Clone> SymbolBuilder<Cert<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<D: Clone> ImplementationBuilder<Cert<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = (
     Csr<D>,
     AcmeRootCert,
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ impl<D: Clone> SymbolBuilder<Cert<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
     )
   }
 
-  type Symbol = CertSymbol<
+  type Implementation = CertSymbol<
     SetuidCommandRunner<'static, String, StdCommandRunner>,
     SetuidCommandRunner<'static, String, StdCommandRunner>,
     D,
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ impl<D: Clone> SymbolBuilder<Cert<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
     resource: &Cert<D>,
     target: &<Cert<D> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (csr, root_cert, account_key, challenges_dir, user_name, _): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     CertSymbol::new(
       resource.0.clone(),
       SetuidCommandRunner::new(user_name.0, &StdCommandRunner),
@@ -133,73 +134,73 @@ impl<D: Clone> SymbolBuilder<Cert<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
   }
 }
 
-impl<D: Clone> SymbolBuilder<CertChain<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<D: Clone> ImplementationBuilder<CertChain<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = (Cert<D>, AcmeRootCert);
   fn prerequisites(resource: &CertChain<D>) -> Self::Prerequisites {
     (Cert(resource.0.clone()), AcmeRootCert)
   }
 
-  type Symbol = ConcatSymbol<[PathBuf; 2], PathBuf, PathBuf>;
+  type Implementation = ConcatSymbol<[PathBuf; 2], PathBuf, PathBuf>;
   fn create(
     _resource: &CertChain<D>,
     target: &<CertChain<D> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (cert, root_cert): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     ConcatSymbol::new([cert.into(), root_cert.into()], target.clone().into())
   }
 }
 
-impl<D: Clone> SymbolBuilder<KeyAndCertBundle<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<D: Clone> ImplementationBuilder<KeyAndCertBundle<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = (CertChain<D>, Key<D>);
   fn prerequisites(resource: &KeyAndCertBundle<D>) -> Self::Prerequisites {
     (CertChain(resource.0.clone()), Key(resource.0.clone()))
   }
 
-  type Symbol = ConcatSymbol<[PathBuf; 2], PathBuf, PathBuf>;
+  type Implementation = ConcatSymbol<[PathBuf; 2], PathBuf, PathBuf>;
   fn create(
     _resource: &KeyAndCertBundle<D>,
     target: &<KeyAndCertBundle<D> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (cert_chain, key): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     ConcatSymbol::new([key.into(), cert_chain.into()], target.clone().into())
   }
 }
 
-impl<P: AsRef<Path> + Clone> SymbolBuilder<File<P>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<P: AsRef<Path> + Clone> ImplementationBuilder<File<P>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = ();
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &File<P>) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
 
-  type Symbol = FileSymbol<P, String>;
+  type Implementation = FileSymbol<P, String>;
   fn create(
     resource: &File<P>,
     _target: &<File<P> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     FileSymbol::new(resource.0.clone(), resource.1.clone())
   }
 }
 
-impl<'a, P: AsRef<Path> + Clone> SymbolBuilder<GitCheckout<'a, P>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<'a, P: AsRef<Path> + Clone> ImplementationBuilder<GitCheckout<'a, P>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = ();
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &GitCheckout<'a, P>) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
 
-  type Symbol = GitCheckoutSymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, P, &'a str, &'a str>;
+  type Implementation = GitCheckoutSymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, P, &'a str, &'a str>;
   fn create(
     resource: &GitCheckout<'a, P>,
     _target: &<GitCheckout<'a, P> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     GitCheckoutSymbol::new(resource.0.clone(), resource.1, resource.2, StdCommandRunner)
   }
 }
 
-impl SymbolBuilder<DefaultServer> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl ImplementationBuilder<DefaultServer> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = AcmeChallengesNginxSnippet;
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &DefaultServer) -> Self::Prerequisites {
     AcmeChallengesNginxSnippet
   }
 
-  type Symbol = (
+  type Implementation = (
     FileSymbol<PathBuf, String>,
     ReloadServiceSymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, &'static str>,
   );
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ impl SymbolBuilder<DefaultServer> for DefaultBuilder {
     _resource: &DefaultServer,
     target: &<DefaultServer as Resource>::Artifact,
     challenges_snippet_path: <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     (
       FileSymbol::new(
         target.clone().into(),
@@ -218,7 +219,7 @@ impl SymbolBuilder<DefaultServer> for DefaultBuilder {
   }
 }
 
-impl<D: AsRef<str> + Clone + Display> SymbolBuilder<ServeCustom<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<D: AsRef<str> + Clone + Display> ImplementationBuilder<ServeCustom<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = (CertChain<D>, Key<D>, AcmeChallengesNginxSnippet);
   fn prerequisites(resource: &ServeCustom<D>) -> Self::Prerequisites {
     (
@@ -228,7 +229,7 @@ impl<D: AsRef<str> + Clone + Display> SymbolBuilder<ServeCustom<D>> for DefaultB
     )
   }
 
-  type Symbol = (
+  type Implementation = (
     FileSymbol<PathBuf, String>,
     ReloadServiceSymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, &'static str>,
   );
@@ -236,7 +237,7 @@ impl<D: AsRef<str> + Clone + Display> SymbolBuilder<ServeCustom<D>> for DefaultB
     resource: &ServeCustom<D>,
     target: &<ServeCustom<D> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (cert, key, challenges_snippet_path): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     (
       FileSymbol::new(
         target.clone().into(),
@@ -247,7 +248,7 @@ impl<D: AsRef<str> + Clone + Display> SymbolBuilder<ServeCustom<D>> for DefaultB
   }
 }
 
-impl<D: Clone + Display, P: AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<ServePhp<D, P>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<D: Clone + Display, P: AsRef<Path>> ImplementationBuilder<ServePhp<D, P>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = (
     PhpFpmPool<D>,
     CertChain<D>,
@@ -263,7 +264,7 @@ impl<D: Clone + Display, P: AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<ServePhp<D, P>> for Defau
     )
   }
 
-  type Symbol = (
+  type Implementation = (
     FileSymbol<PathBuf, String>,
     ReloadServiceSymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, &'static str>,
   );
@@ -271,7 +272,7 @@ impl<D: Clone + Display, P: AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<ServePhp<D, P>> for Defau
     resource: &ServePhp<D, P>,
     target: &<ServePhp<D, P> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (pool, cert, key, challenges_snippet_path): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     (
       FileSymbol::new(
         target.clone().into(),
@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ impl<D: Clone + Display, P: AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<ServePhp<D, P>> for Defau
   }
 }
 
-impl<D: Clone + Display, P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<ServeService<D, P>>
+impl<D: Clone + Display, P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> ImplementationBuilder<ServeService<D, P>>
   for DefaultBuilder
 {
   type Prerequisites = (
@@ -312,7 +313,7 @@ impl<D: Clone + Display, P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<ServeService<D, P
     )
   }
 
-  type Symbol = (
+  type Implementation = (
     FileSymbol<PathBuf, String>,
     ReloadServiceSymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, &'static str>,
   );
@@ -320,7 +321,7 @@ impl<D: Clone + Display, P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<ServeService<D, P
     resource: &ServeService<D, P>,
     target: &<ServeService<D, P> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (socket, cert, key, challenges_snippet_path): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     (
       FileSymbol::new(
         target.clone().into(),
@@ -337,7 +338,7 @@ impl<D: Clone + Display, P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<ServeService<D, P
   }
 }
 
-impl<D: AsRef<str> + Clone + Display> SymbolBuilder<ServeRedir<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<D: AsRef<str> + Clone + Display> ImplementationBuilder<ServeRedir<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = (CertChain<D>, Key<D>, AcmeChallengesNginxSnippet);
   fn prerequisites(resource: &ServeRedir<D>) -> Self::Prerequisites {
     (
@@ -347,7 +348,7 @@ impl<D: AsRef<str> + Clone + Display> SymbolBuilder<ServeRedir<D>> for DefaultBu
     )
   }
 
-  type Symbol = (
+  type Implementation = (
     FileSymbol<PathBuf, String>,
     ReloadServiceSymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, &'static str>,
   );
@@ -355,7 +356,7 @@ impl<D: AsRef<str> + Clone + Display> SymbolBuilder<ServeRedir<D>> for DefaultBu
     resource: &ServeRedir<D>,
     target: &<ServeRedir<D> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (cert, key, challenges_snippet_path): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     (
       FileSymbol::new(
         target.clone().into(),
@@ -372,7 +373,7 @@ impl<D: AsRef<str> + Clone + Display> SymbolBuilder<ServeRedir<D>> for DefaultBu
   }
 }
 
-impl<D: AsRef<str> + Clone + Display, P: AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<ServeStatic<D, P>>
+impl<D: AsRef<str> + Clone + Display, P: AsRef<Path>> ImplementationBuilder<ServeStatic<D, P>>
   for DefaultBuilder
 {
   type Prerequisites = (CertChain<D>, Key<D>, AcmeChallengesNginxSnippet);
@@ -384,7 +385,7 @@ impl<D: AsRef<str> + Clone + Display, P: AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<ServeStatic<
     )
   }
 
-  type Symbol = (
+  type Implementation = (
     FileSymbol<PathBuf, String>,
     ReloadServiceSymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, &'static str>,
   );
@@ -392,7 +393,7 @@ impl<D: AsRef<str> + Clone + Display, P: AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<ServeStatic<
     resource: &ServeStatic<D, P>,
     target: &<ServeStatic<D, P> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (cert, key, challenges_snippet_path): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     (
       FileSymbol::new(
         target.clone().into(),
@@ -409,11 +410,11 @@ impl<D: AsRef<str> + Clone + Display, P: AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<ServeStatic<
   }
 }
 
-impl<D: Clone> SymbolBuilder<PhpFpmPool<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<D: Clone> ImplementationBuilder<PhpFpmPool<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = ();
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &PhpFpmPool<D>) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
 
-  type Symbol = (
+  type Implementation = (
     FileSymbol<PathBuf, String>,
     ReloadServiceSymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, String>,
   );
@@ -421,7 +422,7 @@ impl<D: Clone> SymbolBuilder<PhpFpmPool<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
     resource: &PhpFpmPool<D>,
     (socket_path, conf_path, user_name, service_name): &<PhpFpmPool<D> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     (
       FileSymbol::new(
         conf_path.clone().into(),
@@ -432,11 +433,11 @@ impl<D: Clone> SymbolBuilder<PhpFpmPool<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
   }
 }
 
-impl<D, P: AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<SystemdSocketService<D, P>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<D, P: AsRef<Path>> ImplementationBuilder<SystemdSocketService<D, P>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = ();
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &SystemdSocketService<D, P>) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
 
-  type Symbol = (
+  type Implementation = (
     FileSymbol<PathBuf, String>,
     SystemdUserSessionSymbol<'static, String, StdCommandRunner>,
     UserServiceSymbol<'static, PathBuf, String, StdCommandRunner>,
@@ -445,7 +446,7 @@ impl<D, P: AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<SystemdSocketService<D, P>> for DefaultBui
     resource: &SystemdSocketService<D, P>,
     (socket_path, conf_path, user_name): &<SystemdSocketService<D, P> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     (
       FileSymbol::new(
         conf_path.clone().into(),
@@ -471,44 +472,44 @@ impl<D, P: AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<SystemdSocketService<D, P>> for DefaultBui
   }
 }
 
-impl<P: Clone> SymbolBuilder<Dir<P>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<P: Clone> ImplementationBuilder<Dir<P>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = ();
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &Dir<P>) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
 
-  type Symbol = DirSymbol<P>;
+  type Implementation = DirSymbol<P>;
   fn create(
     resource: &Dir<P>,
     _target: &<Dir<P> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     DirSymbol::new(resource.0.clone())
   }
 }
 
-impl<P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<NpmInstall<P>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> ImplementationBuilder<NpmInstall<P>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = ();
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &NpmInstall<P>) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
 
-  type Symbol = NpmInstallSymbol<'static, P, StdCommandRunner>;
+  type Implementation = NpmInstallSymbol<'static, P, StdCommandRunner>;
   fn create(
     resource: &NpmInstall<P>,
     _target: &<NpmInstall<P> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     NpmInstallSymbol::new(resource.0.clone(), &StdCommandRunner)
   }
 }
 
-impl<P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<StoredDirectory<P>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> ImplementationBuilder<StoredDirectory<P>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = ();
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &StoredDirectory<P>) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
 
-  type Symbol = SavedDirectorySymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, P, SimpleStorage>;
+  type Implementation = SavedDirectorySymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, P, SimpleStorage>;
   fn create(
     resource: &StoredDirectory<P>,
     target: &<StoredDirectory<P> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     SavedDirectorySymbol::new(
       resource.1.clone(),
       SimpleStorage::new(target.clone().into()),
@@ -518,16 +519,16 @@ impl<P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<StoredDirectory<P>> for DefaultBuilde
   }
 }
 
-impl<P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<LoadedDirectory<P>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> ImplementationBuilder<LoadedDirectory<P>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = ();
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &LoadedDirectory<P>) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
 
-  type Symbol = SavedDirectorySymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, P, SimpleStorage>;
+  type Implementation = SavedDirectorySymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, P, SimpleStorage>;
   fn create(
     resource: &LoadedDirectory<P>,
     target: &<LoadedDirectory<P> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     SavedDirectorySymbol::new(
       resource.1.clone(),
       SimpleStorage::new(target.clone().into()),
@@ -537,69 +538,69 @@ impl<P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<LoadedDirectory<P>> for DefaultBuilde
   }
 }
 
-impl<D: Clone> SymbolBuilder<UserForDomain<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<D: Clone> ImplementationBuilder<UserForDomain<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = ();
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &UserForDomain<D>) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
 
-  type Symbol = UserSymbol<String, StdCommandRunner>;
+  type Implementation = UserSymbol<String, StdCommandRunner>;
   fn create(
     _resource: &UserForDomain<D>,
     (user_name, _home_path): &<UserForDomain<D> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     UserSymbol::new(user_name.0.clone(), StdCommandRunner)
   }
 }
 
-impl SymbolBuilder<User> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl ImplementationBuilder<User> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = ();
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &User) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
 
-  type Symbol = UserSymbol<String, StdCommandRunner>;
+  type Implementation = UserSymbol<String, StdCommandRunner>;
   fn create(
     resource: &User,
     (): &<User as Resource>::Artifact,
     (): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     UserSymbol::new(resource.0.clone(), StdCommandRunner)
   }
 }
 
-impl<P: AsRef<Path> + Clone> SymbolBuilder<Owner<P>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<P: AsRef<Path> + Clone> ImplementationBuilder<Owner<P>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = ();
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &Owner<P>) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
 
-  type Symbol = OwnerSymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, P, String>;
+  type Implementation = OwnerSymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, P, String>;
   fn create(
     resource: &Owner<P>,
     (): &<Owner<P> as Resource>::Artifact,
     (): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     OwnerSymbol::new(resource.1.clone(), resource.0.clone(), StdCommandRunner)
   }
 }
 
-impl SymbolBuilder<AcmeUser> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl ImplementationBuilder<AcmeUser> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = ();
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &AcmeUser) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
 
-  type Symbol = UserSymbol<String, StdCommandRunner>;
+  type Implementation = UserSymbol<String, StdCommandRunner>;
   fn create(
     _resource: &AcmeUser,
     user_name: &<AcmeUser as Resource>::Artifact,
     (): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     UserSymbol::new(user_name.0.clone(), StdCommandRunner)
   }
 }
 
-impl SymbolBuilder<AcmeChallengesDir> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl ImplementationBuilder<AcmeChallengesDir> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = AcmeUser;
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &AcmeChallengesDir) -> Self::Prerequisites {
     AcmeUser
   }
 
-  type Symbol = (
+  type Implementation = (
     DirSymbol<PathBuf>,
     OwnerSymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, PathBuf, String>,
   );
@@ -607,7 +608,7 @@ impl SymbolBuilder<AcmeChallengesDir> for DefaultBuilder {
     _resource: &AcmeChallengesDir,
     target: &<AcmeChallengesDir as Resource>::Artifact,
     user_name: <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     (
       DirSymbol::new(target.clone().into()),
       OwnerSymbol::new(target.clone().into(), user_name.0, StdCommandRunner),
@@ -615,18 +616,18 @@ impl SymbolBuilder<AcmeChallengesDir> for DefaultBuilder {
   }
 }
 
-impl SymbolBuilder<AcmeChallengesNginxSnippet> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl ImplementationBuilder<AcmeChallengesNginxSnippet> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = AcmeChallengesDir;
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &AcmeChallengesNginxSnippet) -> Self::Prerequisites {
     AcmeChallengesDir
   }
 
-  type Symbol = FileSymbol<PathBuf, String>;
+  type Implementation = FileSymbol<PathBuf, String>;
   fn create(
     _resource: &AcmeChallengesNginxSnippet,
     target: &<AcmeChallengesNginxSnippet as Resource>::Artifact,
     challenges_dir: <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     FileSymbol::new(
       target.clone().into(),
       nginx::acme_challenges_snippet(challenges_dir),
@@ -634,13 +635,13 @@ impl SymbolBuilder<AcmeChallengesNginxSnippet> for DefaultBuilder {
   }
 }
 
-impl SymbolBuilder<AcmeAccountKey> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl ImplementationBuilder<AcmeAccountKey> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = AcmeUser;
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &AcmeAccountKey) -> Self::Prerequisites {
     AcmeUser
   }
 
-  type Symbol = (
+  type Implementation = (
     KeySymbol<StdCommandRunner, PathBuf>,
     OwnerSymbol<StdCommandRunner, StdCommandRunner, PathBuf, String>,
   );
@@ -648,7 +649,7 @@ impl SymbolBuilder<AcmeAccountKey> for DefaultBuilder {
     _resource: &AcmeAccountKey,
     target: &<AcmeAccountKey as Resource>::Artifact,
     user_name: <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     (
       KeySymbol::new(StdCommandRunner, target.clone().into()),
       OwnerSymbol::new(target.clone().into(), user_name.0, StdCommandRunner),
@@ -656,41 +657,41 @@ impl SymbolBuilder<AcmeAccountKey> for DefaultBuilder {
   }
 }
 
-impl SymbolBuilder<AcmeRootCert> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl ImplementationBuilder<AcmeRootCert> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = ();
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &AcmeRootCert) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
 
-  type Symbol = FileSymbol<PathBuf, &'static str>;
+  type Implementation = FileSymbol<PathBuf, &'static str>;
   fn create(
     _resource: &AcmeRootCert,
     target: &<AcmeRootCert as Resource>::Artifact,
     (): <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     FileSymbol::new(target.clone().into(), LETS_ENCRYPT_X3_CROSS_SIGNED)
   }
 }
 
-impl<D> SymbolBuilder<MariaDbUser<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<D> ImplementationBuilder<MariaDbUser<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = ();
   fn prerequisites(_resource: &MariaDbUser<D>) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
 
-  type Symbol = MariaDbUserSymbol<'static, String, StdCommandRunner>;
+  type Implementation = MariaDbUserSymbol<'static, String, StdCommandRunner>;
   fn create(
     _resource: &MariaDbUser<D>,
     user_name: &<MariaDbUser<D> as Resource>::Artifact,
     _: <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     MariaDbUserSymbol::new(user_name.0.clone(), &StdCommandRunner)
   }
 }
 
-impl<D: Clone> SymbolBuilder<MariaDbDatabase<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<D: Clone> ImplementationBuilder<MariaDbDatabase<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = MariaDbUser<D>;
   fn prerequisites(resource: &MariaDbDatabase<D>) -> Self::Prerequisites {
     MariaDbUser(resource.0.clone())
   }
 
-  type Symbol = (
+  type Implementation = (
     MariaDbDatabaseSymbol<'static, String, SimpleStorage, StdCommandRunner>,
     MariaDbDumpSymbol<'static, String, StdCommandRunner, SimpleStorage>,
   );
@@ -698,7 +699,7 @@ impl<D: Clone> SymbolBuilder<MariaDbDatabase<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
     _resource: &MariaDbDatabase<D>,
     (db_name, _, data_path): &<MariaDbDatabase<D> as Resource>::Artifact,
     _: <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     let db_dump = SimpleStorage::new(data_path.clone().into());
     (
       MariaDbDatabaseSymbol::new(db_name.0.clone(), db_dump.clone(), &StdCommandRunner),
@@ -707,34 +708,35 @@ impl<D: Clone> SymbolBuilder<MariaDbDatabase<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
   }
 }
 
-impl<P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<WordpressPlugin<P>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> ImplementationBuilder<WordpressPlugin<P>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = Dir<PathBuf>;
   fn prerequisites(resource: &WordpressPlugin<P>) -> Self::Prerequisites {
     Dir(resource.0.as_ref().join("wp-content/plugins"))
   }
 
-  type Symbol = WordpressPluginSymbol<'static, P, &'static str, StdCommandRunner>;
+  type Implementation = WordpressPluginSymbol<'static, P, &'static str, StdCommandRunner>;
   fn create(
     resource: &WordpressPlugin<P>,
     (): &<WordpressPlugin<P> as Resource>::Artifact,
     _: <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     WordpressPluginSymbol::new(resource.0.clone(), resource.1, &StdCommandRunner)
   }
 }
 
-impl<P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<WordpressTranslation<P>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> ImplementationBuilder<WordpressTranslation<P>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = Dir<PathBuf>;
   fn prerequisites(resource: &WordpressTranslation<P>) -> Self::Prerequisites {
     Dir(resource.0.as_ref().join("wp-content/languages"))
   }
 
-  type Symbol = WordpressTranslationSymbol<'static, &'static str, PathBuf, StdCommandRunner>;
+  type Implementation =
+    WordpressTranslationSymbol<'static, &'static str, PathBuf, StdCommandRunner>;
   fn create(
     resource: &WordpressTranslation<P>,
     (): &<WordpressTranslation<P> as Resource>::Artifact,
     _: <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     WordpressTranslationSymbol::new(
       resource.0.as_ref().join("wp-content/languages"),
       resource.1,
@@ -744,18 +746,18 @@ impl<P: Clone + AsRef<Path>> SymbolBuilder<WordpressTranslation<P>> for DefaultB
   }
 }
 
-impl<D: Clone> SymbolBuilder<Cron<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
+impl<D: Clone> ImplementationBuilder<Cron<D>> for DefaultBuilder {
   type Prerequisites = UserForDomain<D>;
   fn prerequisites(resource: &Cron<D>) -> Self::Prerequisites {
     UserForDomain(resource.0.clone())
   }
 
-  type Symbol = CronSymbol<'static, String, String, StdCommandRunner>;
+  type Implementation = CronSymbol<'static, String, String, StdCommandRunner>;
   fn create(
     resource: &Cron<D>,
     (): &<Cron<D> as Resource>::Artifact,
     user_name: <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-  ) -> Self::Symbol {
+  ) -> Self::Implementation {
     CronSymbol::new((user_name.0).0, resource.1.clone(), &StdCommandRunner)
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/command_runner.rs b/src/command_runner.rs
index b4e0956..5d8fd2f 100644
--- a/src/command_runner.rs
+++ b/src/command_runner.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
-use std::io::{Result as IoResult, Write};
-use std::process::Command;
+use std::io::Result as IoResult;
 use std::process::Output;
 use std::process::Stdio;
+use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
+use tokio::process::Command;
 
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! args {
@@ -13,46 +15,48 @@ macro_rules! args {
     ($($x:expr,)*) => (args![$($x),*]) // handle trailing commas
 }
 
+fn check_success(output: Output) -> Result<Output, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  if output.status.success() {
+    Ok(output)
+  } else {
+    Err(String::from_utf8(output.stderr)?.into())
+  }
+}
+
+pub fn is_success(res: Result<Output, impl Error + 'static>) -> Result<Output, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  check_success(res?)
+}
+
+pub fn get_output(output: Output) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  Ok(check_success(output)?.stdout)
+}
+
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 pub trait CommandRunner {
-  fn run_with_args_and_stdin(
-    &self,
-    program: &str,
-    args: &[&OsStr],
-    stdin: &str,
-  ) -> IoResult<Output>;
-  fn run_with_args(&self, program: &str, args: &[&OsStr]) -> IoResult<Output> {
-    self.run_with_args_and_stdin(program, args, "")
+  async fn run(&self, program: &str, args: &[&OsStr], stdin: &str) -> IoResult<Output>;
+
+  async fn run_with_args(&self, program: &str, args: &[&OsStr]) -> IoResult<Output> {
+    self.run(program, args, "").await
   }
-  fn get_output(&self, program: &str, args: &[&OsStr]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Box<dyn Error>> {
-    let output = self.run_with_args(program, args)?;
-    if !output.status.success() {
-      return Err(String::from_utf8(output.stderr)?.into());
-    }
-    Ok(output.stdout)
+  async fn get_output(&self, program: &str, args: &[&OsStr]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let output = self.run_with_args(program, args).await?;
+    get_output(output)
   }
-  fn get_stderr(&self, program: &str, args: &[&OsStr]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Box<dyn Error>> {
-    let output = self.run_with_args(program, args)?;
-    if !output.status.success() {
-      return Err(String::from_utf8(output.stderr)?.into());
-    }
-    Ok(output.stderr)
+  async fn run_successfully(&self, program: &str, args: &[&OsStr]) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    is_success(self.run(program, args, "").await)?;
+    Ok(())
   }
-  fn run_successfully(&self, program: &str, args: &[&OsStr]) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    self.get_output(program, args).map(|_| ())
+  async fn get_stderr(&self, program: &str, args: &[&OsStr]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Box<dyn Error>> {
+    Ok(is_success(self.run_with_args(program, args).await)?.stderr)
   }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct StdCommandRunner;
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl CommandRunner for StdCommandRunner {
-  fn run_with_args_and_stdin(
-    &self,
-    program: &str,
-    args: &[&OsStr],
-    input: &str,
-  ) -> IoResult<Output> {
-    // FIXME: logger
+  async fn run(&self, program: &str, args: &[&OsStr], input: &str) -> IoResult<Output> {
     //println!("{} {:?}", program, args);
     let mut child = Command::new(program)
       .args(args)
@@ -64,9 +68,10 @@ impl CommandRunner for StdCommandRunner {
     let stdin = child.stdin.as_mut().expect("Failed to open stdin");
     stdin
       .write_all(input.as_bytes())
+      .await
       .expect("Failed to write to stdin");
-    let res = child.wait_with_output();
-    println!("{:?}", res);
+    let res = child.wait_with_output().await;
+    //println!("{:?}", res);
     res
   }
 }
@@ -87,7 +92,6 @@ impl<'a, U: AsRef<str>, C: CommandRunner> SetuidCommandRunner<'a, U, C> {
 }
 
 use std::env;
-use std::os::unix::process::CommandExt;
 use users::get_user_by_name;
 
 struct TempSetEnv<'a> {
@@ -115,13 +119,9 @@ impl Drop for TempSetEnv<'_> {
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<U: AsRef<str>, C: CommandRunner> CommandRunner for SetuidCommandRunner<'_, U, C> {
-  fn run_with_args_and_stdin(
-    &self,
-    program: &str,
-    args: &[&OsStr],
-    input: &str,
-  ) -> IoResult<Output> {
+  async fn run(&self, program: &str, args: &[&OsStr], input: &str) -> IoResult<Output> {
     let uid = get_user_by_name(self.user_name.as_ref())
       .expect("User does not exist")
       .uid();
@@ -140,9 +140,10 @@ impl<U: AsRef<str>, C: CommandRunner> CommandRunner for SetuidCommandRunner<'_,
     let stdin = child.stdin.as_mut().expect("Failed to open stdin");
     stdin
       .write_all(input.as_bytes())
+      .await
       .expect("Failed to write to stdin");
-    let res = child.wait_with_output();
-    println!("{:?}", res);
+    let res = child.wait_with_output().await;
+    //println!("{:?}", res);
     res
   }
 }
@@ -170,24 +171,43 @@ where
 
 // Su doesn't set XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
 // https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/master/src/login/pam_systemd.c#L439
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<'a, C> CommandRunner for SuCommandRunner<'a, C>
 where
   C: 'a + CommandRunner,
 {
-  fn run_with_args_and_stdin(
-    &self,
-    program: &str,
-    args: &[&OsStr],
-    input: &str,
-  ) -> IoResult<Output> {
+  async fn run(&self, program: &str, args: &[&OsStr], input: &str) -> IoResult<Output> {
     let raw_new_args = [self.user_name, "-s", "/usr/bin/env", "--", program];
     let mut new_args: Vec<&OsStr> = raw_new_args.iter().map(|s| s.as_ref()).collect();
     new_args.extend_from_slice(args);
-    self
-      .command_runner
-      .run_with_args_and_stdin("su", &new_args, input)
+    self.command_runner.run("su", &new_args, input).await
   }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod test {}
+mod test {
+  use crate::args;
+  use crate::async_utils::run;
+  use crate::command_runner::{CommandRunner, StdCommandRunner};
+  use futures::future::FutureExt;
+  use std::time::Instant;
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test() {
+    let c = StdCommandRunner;
+    run(async {
+      let args = args!["1"];
+      let start = Instant::now();
+      let res = c.run("sleep", args, "").fuse();
+      let ps = c.run("ps", args![], "").fuse();
+      futures::pin_mut!(res, ps);
+      loop {
+        futures::select! {
+          _ = res => {},
+          _ = ps => assert!((Instant::now() - start).as_millis() < 1000),
+          complete => break,
+        }
+      }
+    })
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 7a09805..70496ad 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #![warn(
   macro_use_extern_crate,
   meta_variable_misuse,
+  missing_debug_implementations,
   non_ascii_idents,
   trivial_numeric_casts,
   unused,
-  unreachable_pub,
   unsafe_code,
   unstable_features,
   variant_size_differences,
@@ -15,26 +15,27 @@
   clippy::pedantic
 )]
 #![allow(
+  unreachable_pub,
   single_use_lifetimes,
   trivial_casts,
-  clippy::module_name_repetitions,
   clippy::cargo_common_metadata,
+  clippy::future_not_send,
+  clippy::missing_errors_doc,
+  clippy::module_name_repetitions,
   rustdoc,
   missing_docs,
-  missing_copy_implementations,
-  missing_debug_implementations
+  missing_copy_implementations
 )]
 
 #[macro_use]
 mod for_each_tuple;
-
+pub mod async_utils;
 pub mod bin;
 pub mod build;
 #[macro_use]
 pub mod command_runner;
 pub mod loggers;
 pub mod resources;
-pub mod schema;
 pub mod storage;
 pub mod symbols;
 pub mod templates;
@@ -46,6 +47,8 @@ mod setup;
 pub mod static_files;
 mod to_artifact;
 
-pub use builder::{DefaultBuilder, SymbolBuilder};
+pub use builder::{DefaultBuilder, ImplementationBuilder};
 pub use locator::{DefaultLocator, DefaultPolicy, Policy, ResourceLocator};
-pub use setup::Setup;
+pub use setup::{
+  DrySymbolRunner, InitializingSymbolRunner, ReportingSymbolRunner, Setup, SymbolRunner,
+};
diff --git a/src/locator.rs b/src/locator.rs
index eaaddeb..2eee3f4 100644
--- a/src/locator.rs
+++ b/src/locator.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ pub trait Policy {
   }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct DefaultPolicy;
 
 impl Policy for DefaultPolicy {}
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ pub trait ResourceLocator<R> {
     R: Resource;
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct DefaultLocator<P = DefaultPolicy> {
   phantom: PhantomData<P>,
 }
diff --git a/src/loggers.rs b/src/loggers.rs
index 71b928f..8c42e1c 100644
--- a/src/loggers.rs
+++ b/src/loggers.rs
@@ -1,36 +1,129 @@
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::cmp::min;
 use std::io::stderr;
 use std::io::Write;
 
+// The log crate defines
+// 1 - Error, 2 - Warn, 3 - Info, 4 - Debug, 5 - Trace
+pub type Level = usize;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Entry<S>(pub Level, pub S);
+
 pub trait Logger {
-  fn write(&mut self, msg: &str);
-  fn debug(&mut self, msg: &str);
+  fn write<S: AsRef<str> + Into<String>>(&self, level: Level, msg: S)
+  where
+    Self: Sized;
+  fn writeln<S: AsRef<str> + Into<String>>(&self, level: Level, msg: S)
+  where
+    Self: Sized;
+  fn info<S: AsRef<str> + Into<String>>(&self, msg: S)
+  where
+    Self: Sized,
+  {
+    self.writeln(3, msg)
+  }
+  fn debug<S: AsRef<str> + Into<String>>(&self, msg: S)
+  where
+    Self: Sized,
+  {
+    self.writeln(4, msg)
+  }
+  fn trace<S: AsRef<str> + Into<String>>(&self, msg: S)
+  where
+    Self: Sized,
+  {
+    self.writeln(5, msg)
+  }
+  fn put<S: AsRef<str> + Into<String>>(&self, entries: impl IntoIterator<Item = Entry<S>>) -> usize
+  where
+    Self: Sized,
+  {
+    let mut c = 0;
+    for item in entries {
+      self.writeln(item.0, item.1);
+      c += 1;
+    }
+    c
+  }
 }
 
-pub struct StdErrLogger;
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct StdErrLogger {
+  line_started: RefCell<bool>,
+}
 
 impl Logger for StdErrLogger {
-  fn debug(&mut self, str: &str) {
-    writeln!(&mut stderr(), "{}", str).unwrap();
+  fn write<S: AsRef<str> + Into<String>>(&self, _level: Level, msg: S) {
+    *self.line_started.borrow_mut() = true;
+    write!(&mut stderr(), "{}", msg.as_ref()).unwrap();
+  }
+  fn writeln<S: AsRef<str> + Into<String>>(&self, _level: Level, msg: S) {
+    if self.line_started.replace(false) {
+      writeln!(&mut stderr()).unwrap();
+    }
+    writeln!(&mut stderr(), "{}", msg.as_ref()).unwrap();
   }
-  fn write(&mut self, str: &str) {
-    writeln!(&mut stderr(), "{}", str).unwrap();
+}
+impl Drop for StdErrLogger {
+  fn drop(&mut self) {
+    if *self.line_started.borrow() == true {
+      writeln!(&mut stderr()).unwrap();
+    }
   }
 }
 
-pub struct FilteringLogger<'a> {
-  logger: &'a mut dyn Logger,
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct FilteringLogger<'a, L> {
+  logger: &'a L,
+  max_level: Level,
 }
 
-impl<'a> FilteringLogger<'a> {
-  pub fn new(logger: &'a mut dyn Logger) -> Self {
-    FilteringLogger { logger }
+impl<'a, L> FilteringLogger<'a, L> {
+  pub fn new(logger: &'a L, max_level: Level) -> Self {
+    Self { logger, max_level }
   }
 }
 
-impl Logger for FilteringLogger<'_> {
-  fn debug(&mut self, _str: &str) {}
-  fn write(&mut self, str: &str) {
-    self.logger.write(str)
+impl<'a, L: Logger> Logger for FilteringLogger<'a, L> {
+  fn write<S: AsRef<str> + Into<String>>(&self, level: Level, str: S) {
+    if level <= self.max_level {
+      self.logger.write(level, str)
+    }
+  }
+  fn writeln<S: AsRef<str> + Into<String>>(&self, level: Level, str: S) {
+    if level <= self.max_level {
+      self.logger.writeln(level, str)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct StoringLogger {
+  log: RefCell<Vec<Entry<String>>>,
+}
+
+impl StoringLogger {
+  pub fn new() -> Self {
+    Self::default()
+  }
+
+  pub fn release(self) -> Vec<Entry<String>> {
+    self.log.into_inner()
+  }
+}
+
+impl Logger for StoringLogger {
+  fn write<S: AsRef<str> + Into<String>>(&self, level: Level, line: S) {
+    let mut log = self.log.borrow_mut();
+    let entry = log
+      .pop()
+      .map(|e| Entry(min(e.0, level), e.1 + line.as_ref()))
+      .unwrap_or_else(|| Entry(level, line.into()));
+    log.push(entry);
+  }
+  fn writeln<S: AsRef<str> + Into<String>>(&self, level: Level, line: S) {
+    self.log.borrow_mut().push(Entry(level, line.into()));
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/resources/mod.rs b/src/resources/mod.rs
index 4e717af..a590c47 100644
--- a/src/resources/mod.rs
+++ b/src/resources/mod.rs
@@ -218,28 +218,51 @@ impl<D> Resource for Cron<D> {
   type Artifact = ();
 }
 
-pub trait BorrowResource<R> {
-  fn borrow_resource(&self) -> Option<&R>;
+use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};
+
+pub trait FromResource<R> {
+  fn from_resource(from: R) -> (Self, Weak<R>)
+  where
+    Self: Sized;
+}
+
+pub trait FromArtifact<R: Resource> {
+  fn from_artifact(from: R::Artifact) -> Self
+  where
+    Self: Sized;
+  fn into_artifact(self) -> R::Artifact
+  where
+    Self: Sized;
 }
 
 macro_rules! default_resources {
   ( $($name:ident: $type:ty,)* ) => {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
     pub enum DefaultResources<'a, D> {
-      $( $name($type) ),*
+      $( $name(Rc<$type>) ),*
     }
 
-    $(impl<'a, D> From<$type> for DefaultResources<'a, D> {
-      fn from(from: $type) -> Self {
-        Self::$name(from)
+    $(impl<'a, D> FromResource<$type> for DefaultResources<'a, D> {
+      fn from_resource(from: $type) -> (Self, Weak<$type>) {
+        let inner = Rc::new(from);
+        (Self::$name(Rc::clone(&inner)), Rc::downgrade(&inner))
       }
     })*
 
-    $(impl<'a, D> BorrowResource<$type> for DefaultResources<'a, D> {
-      fn borrow_resource(&self) -> Option<&$type> {
+    #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+    pub enum DefaultArtifacts<'a, D> {
+      $( $name(<$type as Resource>::Artifact) ),*
+    }
+
+    $(impl<'a, D> FromArtifact<$type> for DefaultArtifacts<'a, D> {
+      fn from_artifact(from: <$type as Resource>::Artifact) -> Self {
+        Self::$name(from)
+      }
+
+      fn into_artifact(self) -> <$type as Resource>::Artifact {
         match self {
-          Self::$name(v) => Some(v),
-          _ => None
+          Self::$name(inner) => inner,
+          _ => panic!()
         }
       }
     })*
diff --git a/src/schema.rs b/src/schema.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index dab238d..0000000
--- a/src/schema.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,274 +0,0 @@
-use crate::loggers::Logger;
-use crate::symbols::Symbol;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::error::Error;
-use std::fmt;
-use std::fmt::Debug;
-
-pub trait SymbolRunner {
-  fn run_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug>(&self, symbol: &S, force: bool) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>;
-}
-
-impl<R: SymbolRunner + ?Sized> SymbolRunner for Box<R> {
-  fn run_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug>(&self, symbol: &S, force: bool) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
-    (**self).run_symbol(symbol, force)
-  }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum SymbolRunError {
-  Symbol(Box<dyn Error>),
-  ExecuteDidNotReach(()),
-}
-
-impl Error for SymbolRunError {
-  fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error> {
-    match self {
-      Self::Symbol(ref e) => Some(&**e),
-      Self::ExecuteDidNotReach(_) => None,
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for SymbolRunError {
-  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-    match self {
-      Self::Symbol(ref e) => write!(f, "{}", e),
-      Self::ExecuteDidNotReach(_) => write!(f, "Target not reached after executing symbol"),
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-pub struct InitializingSymbolRunner<L: Logger> {
-  logger: RefCell<L>,
-}
-
-impl<L: Logger> InitializingSymbolRunner<L> {
-  pub fn new(logger: L) -> Self {
-    Self {
-      logger: RefCell::new(logger),
-    }
-  }
-
-  fn exec_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug>(&self, symbol: &S) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    let mut logger = self.logger.borrow_mut();
-    logger.write(format!("Executing {:?}", symbol).as_str());
-    symbol.execute()?;
-    let target_reached = symbol.target_reached()?;
-    logger.debug(
-      format!(
-        "Symbol reports target_reached: {:?} (should be true)",
-        target_reached
-      )
-      .as_str(),
-    );
-    if target_reached {
-      Ok(())
-    } else {
-      Err(Box::new(SymbolRunError::ExecuteDidNotReach(())))
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-impl<L: Logger> SymbolRunner for InitializingSymbolRunner<L> {
-  fn run_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug>(&self, symbol: &S, force: bool) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
-    let mut logger = self.logger.borrow_mut();
-    let executed = if force {
-      logger.debug("Forcing symbol execution");
-      drop(logger);
-      self.exec_symbol(symbol)?;
-      true
-    } else {
-      let target_reached = symbol.target_reached()?;
-      if target_reached {
-        logger.write(format!("{:?} already reached", symbol).as_str());
-      } else {
-        logger.debug(format!("Symbol reports target_reached: {:?}", target_reached).as_str());
-        drop(logger);
-        self.exec_symbol(symbol)?;
-      }
-      !target_reached
-    };
-    Ok(executed)
-  }
-}
-
-pub struct DrySymbolRunner<L: Logger> {
-  logger: RefCell<L>,
-}
-
-impl<L: Logger> DrySymbolRunner<L> {
-  pub fn new(logger: L) -> Self {
-    Self {
-      logger: RefCell::new(logger),
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-impl<L: Logger> SymbolRunner for DrySymbolRunner<L> {
-  fn run_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug>(&self, symbol: &S, force: bool) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
-    let mut logger = self.logger.borrow_mut();
-    let would_execute = if force {
-      logger.write(format!("Would force-execute {:?}", symbol).as_str());
-      true
-    } else {
-      let target_reached = symbol.target_reached()?;
-      logger.debug(format!("Symbol reports target_reached: {:?}", target_reached).as_str());
-      if !target_reached {
-        logger.write(format!("Would execute {:?}", symbol).as_str());
-      }
-      !target_reached
-    };
-    Ok(would_execute)
-  }
-}
-
-pub struct ReportingSymbolRunner<'a, R, L>(&'a R, RefCell<L>);
-
-impl<'a, R, L> ReportingSymbolRunner<'a, R, L> {
-  pub fn new(symbol_runner: &'a R, logger: L) -> Self {
-    ReportingSymbolRunner(symbol_runner, RefCell::new(logger))
-  }
-}
-
-impl<'a, R, L> SymbolRunner for ReportingSymbolRunner<'a, R, L>
-where
-  R: SymbolRunner,
-  L: Logger,
-{
-  fn run_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug>(&self, symbol: &S, force: bool) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
-    let mut logger = self.1.borrow_mut();
-    logger.debug(format!("Running symbol {:?}", symbol).as_str());
-    let res = self.0.run_symbol(symbol, force);
-    if let Err(ref e) = res {
-      logger.write(format!("Failed on {:?} with {}, aborting.", symbol, e).as_str())
-    } else {
-      logger.debug(format!("Successfully finished {:?}", symbol).as_str())
-    }
-    res
-  }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-  use std::cell::RefCell;
-  use std::error::Error;
-  use std::fmt;
-
-  use crate::loggers::Logger;
-  use crate::schema::InitializingSymbolRunner;
-  use crate::schema::SymbolRunner;
-  use crate::symbols::Symbol;
-
-  #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
-  enum DummySymbolError {
-    Error(()),
-  }
-
-  impl Error for DummySymbolError {}
-
-  impl fmt::Display for DummySymbolError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-      write!(f, "Dummy symbol error")
-    }
-  }
-
-  #[derive(Debug)]
-  struct DummySymbol<T, E> {
-    _target_reached: RefCell<T>,
-    _execute: RefCell<E>,
-  }
-
-  impl<
-      E: Iterator<Item = Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>>,
-      T: Iterator<Item = Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>>,
-    > Symbol for DummySymbol<T, E>
-  {
-    fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
-      self._target_reached.borrow_mut().next().unwrap()
-    }
-    fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-      self._execute.borrow_mut().next().unwrap()
-    }
-  }
-
-  impl<
-      E: Iterator<Item = Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>>,
-      T: Iterator<Item = Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>>,
-    > DummySymbol<T, E>
-  {
-    fn new<
-      IE: IntoIterator<IntoIter = E, Item = Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>>,
-      IT: IntoIterator<IntoIter = T, Item = Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>>,
-    >(
-      target_reached: IT,
-      execute: IE,
-    ) -> Self {
-      Self {
-        _target_reached: RefCell::new(target_reached.into_iter()),
-        _execute: RefCell::new(execute.into_iter()),
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  struct DummyLogger {
-    log: Vec<String>,
-  }
-
-  impl DummyLogger {
-    fn new() -> DummyLogger {
-      DummyLogger { log: Vec::new() }
-    }
-  }
-
-  impl Logger for DummyLogger {
-    fn write(&mut self, line: &str) {
-      self.log.push(line.into());
-    }
-    fn debug(&mut self, line: &str) {
-      self.log.push(line.into());
-    }
-  }
-
-  #[test]
-  fn nothing_needed_to_be_done() {
-    let result = InitializingSymbolRunner::new(DummyLogger::new())
-      .run_symbol(&DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(true)], vec![Ok(())]), false);
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
-  }
-
-  #[test]
-  fn everything_is_ok() {
-    let result = InitializingSymbolRunner::new(DummyLogger::new()).run_symbol(
-      &DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(true), Ok(false)], vec![Ok(())]),
-      false,
-    );
-    assert!(result.is_ok());
-  }
-
-  #[test]
-  fn executing_did_not_change_state() {
-    let result = InitializingSymbolRunner::new(DummyLogger::new()).run_symbol(
-      &DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(false), Ok(false)], vec![Ok(())]),
-      false,
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-      result.unwrap_err().to_string(),
-      "Target not reached after executing symbol"
-    );
-  }
-
-  #[test]
-  fn executing_did_not_work() {
-    let err = InitializingSymbolRunner::new(DummyLogger::new())
-      .run_symbol(
-        &DummySymbol::new(
-          vec![Ok(false)],
-          vec![Err(Box::new(DummySymbolError::Error(())) as Box<dyn Error>)],
-        ),
-        false,
-      )
-      .unwrap_err();
-    assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "Dummy symbol error");
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/setup.rs b/src/setup.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e03f80..0000000
--- a/src/setup.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,396 +0,0 @@
-use crate::resources::{BorrowResource, DefaultResources, Resource};
-use crate::schema::SymbolRunner;
-use crate::symbols::Symbol;
-use crate::to_artifact::ToArtifact;
-use crate::{DefaultBuilder, DefaultLocator, ResourceLocator, SymbolBuilder};
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::error::Error;
-use std::fmt::Debug;
-use std::hash::Hash;
-use std::marker::PhantomData;
-
-pub trait CanHandle<X: ToArtifact> {
-  fn handle(&mut self, x: X) -> Result<(X::Artifact, bool), Box<dyn Error>>;
-}
-
-macro_rules! can_handle {
-  ( $($name:ident)* ) => (
-    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-    impl<_SR: SymbolRunner, _L, _R: Hash + Eq, _B, $($name: Resource,)*>
-      CanHandle<($($name,)*)>
-      for Setup<_SR, _L, _R, _B>
-      where
-      $(
-        _B: SymbolBuilder<$name>,
-        <_B as SymbolBuilder<$name>>::Symbol: Runnable + Debug,
-        _L: ResourceLocator<$name>,
-        _R: From<$name> + BorrowResource<$name>,
-        Self: CanHandle<<_B as SymbolBuilder<$name>>::Prerequisites> +
-          CanHandle<<_L as ResourceLocator<$name>>::Prerequisites>
-      ),*
-    {
-      fn handle(&mut self, ($($name,)*): ($($name,)*)) -> Result<(($($name::Artifact,)*), bool), Box<dyn Error>>
-      {
-        $(let $name = self.add($name)?;)*
-        Ok((($($name.0,)*), false $(|| $name.1)*))
-      }
-    }
-  );
-}
-
-for_each_tuple!(can_handle);
-
-// This is for self-referential T
-// FIXME: Wait for specialization
-impl<_SR: SymbolRunner, _L, _R: Hash + Eq, _B, T: Resource> CanHandle<Option<T>>
-  for Setup<_SR, _L, _R, _B>
-where
-  _B: SymbolBuilder<T>,
-  <_B as SymbolBuilder<T>>::Symbol: Runnable + Debug,
-  _L: ResourceLocator<T, Prerequisites = Option<T>>,
-  _R: From<T> + BorrowResource<T>,
-  Self: CanHandle<<_B as SymbolBuilder<T>>::Prerequisites>,
-{
-  fn handle(
-    &mut self,
-    r: Option<T>,
-  ) -> Result<(<Option<T> as ToArtifact>::Artifact, bool), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    Ok(match r {
-      Some(r) => {
-        let (result, did_run) = self.add(r)?;
-        (Some(result), did_run)
-      }
-      None => (None, false),
-    })
-  }
-}
-
-impl<_SR: SymbolRunner, _L, _R: Hash + Eq, _B, T: Resource> CanHandle<T> for Setup<_SR, _L, _R, _B>
-where
-  _B: SymbolBuilder<T>,
-  <_B as SymbolBuilder<T>>::Symbol: Runnable + Debug,
-  _L: ResourceLocator<T>,
-  _R: From<T> + Debug + BorrowResource<T>,
-  Self: CanHandle<<_B as SymbolBuilder<T>>::Prerequisites>
-    + CanHandle<<_L as ResourceLocator<T>>::Prerequisites>,
-{
-  fn handle(&mut self, r: T) -> Result<(<T as ToArtifact>::Artifact, bool), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    self.add(r)
-  }
-}
-
-pub struct Setup<
-  SR,
-  L = DefaultLocator,
-  R = DefaultResources<'static, &'static str>,
-  B = DefaultBuilder,
-> {
-  symbol_runner: SR,
-  resources: HashSet<R>,
-  phantom: PhantomData<(L, B)>,
-}
-
-// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/27336
-impl<SR> Setup<SR> {
-  pub fn new(symbol_runner: SR) -> Self {
-    Self {
-      symbol_runner,
-      resources: Default::default(),
-      phantom: Default::default(),
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-impl<SR, L, R: Hash + Eq, B> Setup<SR, L, R, B> {
-  pub fn new_with(symbol_runner: SR) -> Self {
-    Self {
-      symbol_runner,
-      resources: Default::default(),
-      phantom: Default::default(),
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-pub trait Runnable {
-  fn run<R: SymbolRunner>(&self, runner: &R, force: bool) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>;
-}
-
-impl<S: Symbol + Debug> Runnable for S {
-  fn run<R: SymbolRunner>(&self, runner: &R, force: bool) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
-    runner.run_symbol(self, force)
-  }
-}
-
-macro_rules! runnable_for_tuple {
-  ( $($name:ident)* ) => (
-    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-    impl<$($name: Symbol + Debug,)*> Runnable for ($($name,)*) {
-      #[allow(unused)]
-      fn run<_R: SymbolRunner>(&self, runner: &_R, force: bool) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
-        let ($($name,)*) = self;
-        let mut result = false;
-        $(result = runner.run_symbol($name, force || result)? || result;)*
-        Ok(result)
-      }
-    }
-  );
-}
-
-for_each_tuple!(runnable_for_tuple);
-
-impl<SR: SymbolRunner, L, Rs: Hash + Eq, B> Setup<SR, L, Rs, B> {
-  pub fn add<R: Resource>(&mut self, resource: R) -> Result<(R::Artifact, bool), Box<dyn Error>>
-  where
-    B: SymbolBuilder<R>,
-    <B as SymbolBuilder<R>>::Symbol: Runnable + Debug,
-    L: ResourceLocator<R>,
-    Rs: From<R> + BorrowResource<R>,
-    Self: CanHandle<B::Prerequisites> + CanHandle<<L as ResourceLocator<R>>::Prerequisites>,
-  {
-    self.add_force(resource, false)
-  }
-
-  pub fn add_force<R: Resource>(
-    &mut self,
-    resource: R,
-    force_run: bool,
-  ) -> Result<(R::Artifact, bool), Box<dyn Error>>
-  where
-    B: SymbolBuilder<R>,
-    <B as SymbolBuilder<R>>::Symbol: Runnable + Debug,
-    L: ResourceLocator<R>,
-    Rs: From<R> + BorrowResource<R>,
-    Self: CanHandle<B::Prerequisites> + CanHandle<<L as ResourceLocator<R>>::Prerequisites>,
-  {
-    let (target, target_prereqs) = L::locate(&resource);
-    let storable_resource = Rs::from(resource);
-    let did_run = if self.resources.get(&storable_resource).is_some() {
-      assert!(
-        !force_run,
-        "Forcing to run an already-added resource is a logical error"
-      );
-      false
-    } else {
-      let (_, target_prereqs_did_run) = self.handle(target_prereqs)?;
-      let (symbol, prereqs_did_run) =
-        self.get_symbol(storable_resource.borrow_resource().unwrap(), &target)?;
-      self.resources.insert(storable_resource);
-      self.run_symbol(
-        symbol,
-        force_run || target_prereqs_did_run || prereqs_did_run,
-      )?
-    };
-    Ok((target, did_run))
-  }
-
-  fn get_symbol<R: Resource>(
-    &mut self,
-    resource: &R,
-    target: &R::Artifact,
-  ) -> Result<(<B as SymbolBuilder<R>>::Symbol, bool), Box<dyn Error>>
-  where
-    B: SymbolBuilder<R>,
-    Self: CanHandle<B::Prerequisites>,
-  {
-    let (prereqs, prereqs_did_run) = self.handle(B::prerequisites(resource))?;
-    Ok((B::create(resource, target, prereqs), prereqs_did_run))
-  }
-
-  pub fn run_symbol<S: Runnable>(&self, symbol: S, force: bool) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
-    symbol.run(&self.symbol_runner, force)
-  }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-  use crate::resources::{BorrowResource, Resource};
-  use crate::schema::SymbolRunner;
-  use crate::symbols::Symbol;
-  use crate::to_artifact::ToArtifact;
-  use crate::{ResourceLocator, Setup, SymbolBuilder};
-  use std::cell::RefCell;
-  use std::error::Error;
-  use std::fmt::Debug;
-  use std::rc::Rc;
-
-  struct TestSymbolRunner {
-    count: Rc<RefCell<usize>>,
-  }
-
-  impl SymbolRunner for TestSymbolRunner {
-    fn run_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug>(
-      &self,
-      symbol: &S,
-      force: bool,
-    ) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
-      let run = force || !symbol.target_reached()?;
-      if run {
-        *self.count.borrow_mut() += 1;
-      }
-      Ok(run)
-    }
-  }
-
-  #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-  struct TestResource<T>(&'static str, T);
-  impl<T> Resource for TestResource<T> {
-    type Artifact = ();
-  }
-
-  #[derive(Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
-  enum Resources {
-    A(TestResource<&'static str>),
-    B(TestResource<()>),
-  }
-  impl From<TestResource<&'static str>> for Resources {
-    fn from(from: TestResource<&'static str>) -> Self {
-      Self::A(from)
-    }
-  }
-  impl From<TestResource<()>> for Resources {
-    fn from(from: TestResource<()>) -> Self {
-      Self::B(from)
-    }
-  }
-
-  impl BorrowResource<TestResource<&'static str>> for Resources {
-    fn borrow_resource(&self) -> Option<&TestResource<&'static str>> {
-      match self {
-        Self::A(a) => Some(a),
-        _ => None,
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  impl BorrowResource<TestResource<()>> for Resources {
-    fn borrow_resource(&self) -> Option<&TestResource<()>> {
-      match self {
-        Self::B(b) => Some(b),
-        _ => None,
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  struct TestResourceLocator;
-  impl<T> ResourceLocator<TestResource<T>> for TestResourceLocator {
-    type Prerequisites = ();
-    fn locate(_resource: &TestResource<T>) -> (<TestResource<T> as ToArtifact>::Artifact, ()) {
-      ((), ())
-    }
-  }
-
-  struct TestSymbolBuilder;
-  impl SymbolBuilder<TestResource<&'static str>> for TestSymbolBuilder {
-    type Symbol = TestSymbol;
-    type Prerequisites = TestResource<()>;
-
-    fn prerequisites(resource: &TestResource<&'static str>) -> Self::Prerequisites {
-      TestResource(resource.1, ())
-    }
-    fn create(
-      resource: &TestResource<&'static str>,
-      (): &(),
-      _inputs: <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
-    ) -> Self::Symbol {
-      TestSymbol {
-        reached: resource.0.chars().next().unwrap().is_uppercase(),
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  impl SymbolBuilder<TestResource<()>> for TestSymbolBuilder {
-    type Symbol = TestSymbol;
-    type Prerequisites = ();
-
-    fn prerequisites(_resource: &TestResource<()>) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
-    fn create(resource: &TestResource<()>, (): &(), (): ()) -> Self::Symbol {
-      TestSymbol {
-        reached: resource.0.chars().next().unwrap().is_uppercase(),
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  #[derive(Debug)]
-  struct TestSymbol {
-    reached: bool,
-  }
-  impl Symbol for TestSymbol {
-    fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
-      Ok(self.reached)
-    }
-    fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-      Ok(())
-    }
-  }
-
-  fn get_setup() -> (
-    Rc<RefCell<usize>>,
-    Setup<TestSymbolRunner, TestResourceLocator, Resources, TestSymbolBuilder>,
-  ) {
-    let count = Rc::new(RefCell::new(0));
-    let runner = TestSymbolRunner {
-      count: Rc::clone(&count),
-    };
-    (count, Setup::new_with(runner))
-  }
-
-  #[test]
-  fn correctly_uses_force() {
-    let (count, mut setup) = get_setup();
-    setup.add(TestResource("A", "b")).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*count.borrow(), 2);
-    setup.add(TestResource("A", "b")).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*count.borrow(), 2);
-
-    let (count, mut setup) = get_setup();
-    setup.add(TestResource("A", "B")).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*count.borrow(), 0);
-  }
-
-  #[test]
-  fn correctly_handles_symbol_tuples() {
-    let (count, setup) = get_setup();
-    setup
-      .run_symbol(
-        (TestSymbol { reached: false }, TestSymbol { reached: false }),
-        false,
-      )
-      .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*count.borrow(), 2);
-
-    let (count, setup) = get_setup();
-    setup
-      .run_symbol(
-        (TestSymbol { reached: true }, TestSymbol { reached: false }),
-        false,
-      )
-      .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*count.borrow(), 1);
-
-    // An unreached symbol forces all further symbols
-    let (count, setup) = get_setup();
-    setup
-      .run_symbol(
-        (TestSymbol { reached: false }, TestSymbol { reached: true }),
-        false,
-      )
-      .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*count.borrow(), 2);
-
-    let (count, setup) = get_setup();
-    setup
-      .run_symbol(
-        (TestSymbol { reached: true }, TestSymbol { reached: true }),
-        false,
-      )
-      .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*count.borrow(), 0);
-
-    let (count, setup) = get_setup();
-    setup
-      .run_symbol(
-        (TestSymbol { reached: true }, TestSymbol { reached: true }),
-        true,
-      )
-      .unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(*count.borrow(), 2);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/setup/core.rs b/src/setup/core.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7570cb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/setup/core.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+use super::runnable::Runnable;
+use super::util::{AddResult, AddableResource};
+use super::Setup;
+use super::SymbolRunner;
+use crate::async_utils::try_join;
+use crate::loggers::{Logger, StoringLogger};
+use crate::resources::{FromArtifact, FromResource};
+use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use crate::to_artifact::ToArtifact;
+use crate::{ImplementationBuilder, ResourceLocator};
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
+pub trait AddGeneric<X: ToArtifact> {
+  async fn add_generic(&self, x: X) -> AddResult<X>;
+}
+
+macro_rules! add_generic {
+  ( $($name:ident)* ) => (
+    #[async_trait(?Send)]
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    impl<SR: 'static, _L: 'static, _B: 'static, LOG: 'static + Logger, Rs: 'static + Hash + Eq, As: 'static + Clone, $($name: AddableResource,)*>
+      AddGeneric<($($name,)*)> for Setup<SR, LOG, _L, _B, Rs, As>
+      where
+      $(
+        RegularSetupCore<SR, _L, _B>: SetupCore<$name, Self>,
+        As: FromArtifact<$name>,
+        Rs: FromResource<$name>,
+        $name::Artifact: Clone
+      ),*
+    {
+      #[allow(unused)]
+      async fn add_generic(&self, ($($name,)*): ($($name,)*)) -> Result<(($($name::Artifact,)*), bool), Box<dyn Error>>
+      {
+        let x: Result<_, Box<dyn Error>> = try_join!($(self.add_async($name, false),)*);
+        let ($($name,)*) = x?;
+        Ok((($($name.0,)*), false $(|| $name.1)*))
+      }
+    }
+  );
+}
+
+for_each_tuple!(add_generic);
+
+// This is for self-referential T
+// FIXME: Wait for specialization
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
+impl<
+    SR: 'static + SymbolRunner,
+    LOG: 'static + Logger,
+    T: AddableResource,
+    Rs: 'static + Hash + Eq + FromResource<T>,
+    As: 'static + FromArtifact<T> + Clone,
+    L: 'static + ResourceLocator<T, Prerequisites = Option<T>>,
+    B: 'static + ImplementationBuilder<T>,
+  > AddGeneric<Option<T>> for Setup<SR, LOG, L, B, Rs, As>
+where
+  <B as ImplementationBuilder<T>>::Implementation: Runnable + Debug,
+  Self: AddGeneric<B::Prerequisites>,
+  T::Artifact: Clone,
+{
+  async fn add_generic(&self, r: Option<T>) -> AddResult<Option<T>> {
+    Ok(match r {
+      Some(r) => {
+        let (result, did_run) = self.add_async(r, false).await?;
+        (Some(result), did_run)
+      }
+      None => (None, false),
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
+impl<
+    LOG: 'static + Logger,
+    T: AddableResource,
+    Rs: 'static + Hash + Eq + FromResource<T>,
+    As: 'static + FromArtifact<T> + Clone,
+    SR: 'static,
+    L: 'static,
+    B: 'static,
+  > AddGeneric<T> for Setup<SR, LOG, L, B, Rs, As>
+where
+  T::Artifact: Clone,
+  RegularSetupCore<SR, L, B>: 'static + SetupCore<T, Self>,
+{
+  async fn add_generic(&self, r: T) -> AddResult<T> {
+    self.add_async(r, false).await
+  }
+}
+
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
+pub trait SetupCore<R: AddableResource, S> {
+  async fn add<LOG: Logger, RR: AsRef<R>>(
+    &self,
+    setup: &S,
+    parent_logger: &LOG,
+    resource: RR,
+    force_run: bool,
+  ) -> AddResult<R>;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct RegularSetupCore<SR, L, B> {
+  symbol_runner: SR,
+  phantom: PhantomData<(L, B)>,
+}
+
+impl<SR, L, B> RegularSetupCore<SR, L, B> {
+  pub fn new(symbol_runner: SR) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      symbol_runner,
+      phantom: PhantomData::default(),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
+impl<SR: SymbolRunner, L, B, R: AddableResource, S> SetupCore<R, S> for RegularSetupCore<SR, L, B>
+where
+  B: ImplementationBuilder<R>,
+  <B as ImplementationBuilder<R>>::Implementation: Runnable + Debug,
+  L: ResourceLocator<R>,
+  S: AddGeneric<B::Prerequisites> + AddGeneric<<L as ResourceLocator<R>>::Prerequisites>,
+{
+  async fn add<LOG: Logger, RR: AsRef<R>>(
+    &self,
+    setup: &S,
+    parent_logger: &LOG,
+    resource: RR,
+    force_run: bool,
+  ) -> AddResult<R> {
+    let resource = resource.as_ref();
+    let logger = StoringLogger::new();
+    logger.write(4, format!("Adding {:?} ... ", resource));
+    let result = {
+      logger.trace(format!(" (force_run is {})", force_run));
+      let (location, location_prereqs) = L::locate(resource);
+      logger.trace(format!("Adding location prereqs for {:?}", resource));
+      let (_, location_prereqs_did_run) = setup.add_generic(location_prereqs).await?;
+      logger.trace(format!(
+        "Location prereqs for {:?} did_run: {}",
+        resource, location_prereqs_did_run
+      ));
+      logger.trace(format!("Adding implementation prereqs for {:?}", resource));
+      let (prereqs, prereqs_did_run) = setup.add_generic(B::prerequisites(resource)).await?;
+      logger.trace(format!(
+        "Implementation prereqs for {:?} did_run: {}",
+        resource, prereqs_did_run
+      ));
+      logger.trace(format!("Running implementation for {:?}", resource));
+      let implementation = B::create(resource, &location, prereqs);
+      let did_run = implementation
+        .run(
+          &self.symbol_runner,
+          &logger,
+          force_run || location_prereqs_did_run || prereqs_did_run,
+        )
+        .await?;
+      Ok((location, did_run))
+    };
+    logger.write(4, "done.");
+    let max_level = if result.is_err() { 5 } else { 3 };
+    if parent_logger.put(logger.release().into_iter().filter(|e| e.0 <= max_level)) == 0 {
+      parent_logger.write(3, ".");
+    }
+    result
+  }
+}
+
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
+impl<SR: SymbolRunner, L, B> SymbolRunner for RegularSetupCore<SR, L, B> {
+  async fn run_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug, LOG: Logger>(
+    &self,
+    symbol: &S,
+    parent_logger: &LOG,
+    force: bool,
+  ) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let logger = StoringLogger::new();
+    logger.debug(format!("Directly running {:?} ...", symbol));
+    let result = self.symbol_runner.run_symbol(symbol, &logger, force).await;
+    logger.debug("done.");
+    let max_level = if result.is_err() { 5 } else { 3 };
+    parent_logger.put(logger.release().into_iter().filter(|e| e.0 <= max_level));
+    result
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/setup/mod.rs b/src/setup/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f414fc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/setup/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+mod core;
+mod util;
+pub use util::{AddResult, AddableResource};
+mod symbol_runner;
+pub use symbol_runner::{
+  DrySymbolRunner, InitializingSymbolRunner, ReportingSymbolRunner, SymbolRunner,
+};
+mod runnable;
+mod setup;
+pub use setup::Setup;
diff --git a/src/setup/runnable.rs b/src/setup/runnable.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c3a1c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/setup/runnable.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+use super::SymbolRunner;
+use crate::loggers::Logger;
+use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
+pub trait Runnable {
+  async fn run<R: SymbolRunner, L: Logger>(
+    &self,
+    runner: &R,
+    logger: &L,
+    force: bool,
+  ) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>;
+}
+
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
+impl<S> Runnable for S
+where
+  Self: Symbol + Debug,
+{
+  async fn run<R: SymbolRunner, L: Logger>(
+    &self,
+    runner: &R,
+    logger: &L,
+    force: bool,
+  ) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+    runner.run_symbol(self, logger, force).await
+  }
+}
+
+macro_rules! runnable_for_tuple {
+  ( $($name:ident)* ) => (
+    #[async_trait(?Send)]
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    impl<$($name: Symbol + Debug,)*> Runnable for ($($name,)*) {
+      #[allow(unused)]
+      async fn run<_R: SymbolRunner, _L: Logger>(&self, runner: &_R, logger: &_L, force: bool) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+        let ($($name,)*) = self;
+        let mut result = false;
+        $(result = runner.run_symbol($name, logger, force || result).await? || result;)*
+        Ok(result)
+      }
+    }
+  );
+}
+
+for_each_tuple!(runnable_for_tuple);
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+  use super::Runnable;
+  use crate::async_utils::run;
+  use crate::loggers::{Logger, StoringLogger};
+  use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+  use crate::SymbolRunner;
+  use async_trait::async_trait;
+  use std::cell::RefCell;
+  use std::error::Error;
+  use std::fmt::Debug;
+  use std::rc::Rc;
+
+  #[derive(Debug)]
+  struct DummySymbol<T, E> {
+    _target_reached: RefCell<T>,
+    _execute: RefCell<E>,
+  }
+
+  #[async_trait(?Send)]
+  impl<
+      E: Iterator<Item = Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>>,
+      T: Iterator<Item = Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>>,
+    > Symbol for DummySymbol<T, E>
+  {
+    async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+      self._target_reached.borrow_mut().next().unwrap()
+    }
+    async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+      self._execute.borrow_mut().next().unwrap()
+    }
+  }
+
+  impl<
+      E: Iterator<Item = Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>>,
+      T: Iterator<Item = Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>>,
+    > DummySymbol<T, E>
+  {
+    fn new<
+      IE: IntoIterator<IntoIter = E, Item = Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>>,
+      IT: IntoIterator<IntoIter = T, Item = Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>>,
+    >(
+      target_reached: IT,
+      execute: IE,
+    ) -> Self {
+      Self {
+        _target_reached: RefCell::new(target_reached.into_iter()),
+        _execute: RefCell::new(execute.into_iter()),
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  struct TestSymbolRunner {
+    count: Rc<RefCell<usize>>,
+  }
+
+  fn get_runner() -> (Rc<RefCell<usize>>, TestSymbolRunner) {
+    let count = Rc::new(RefCell::new(0));
+    let runner = TestSymbolRunner {
+      count: Rc::clone(&count),
+    };
+    (count, runner)
+  }
+
+  #[async_trait(?Send)]
+  impl SymbolRunner for TestSymbolRunner {
+    async fn run_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug, L: Logger>(
+      &self,
+      symbol: &S,
+      logger: &L,
+      force: bool,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+      let run = force || !symbol.target_reached().await?;
+      if run {
+        *self.count.borrow_mut() += 1;
+      }
+      Ok(run)
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn run_symbol(
+    runnable: impl Runnable,
+    force: bool,
+  ) -> (Rc<RefCell<usize>>, Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>) {
+    let (count, runner) = get_runner();
+    let res = run(runnable.run(&runner, &StoringLogger::new(), force));
+    (count, res)
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn correctly_handles_symbol_tuples() {
+    let (count, res) = run_symbol(
+      (
+        DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(false)], vec![Ok(())]),
+        DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(false)], vec![Ok(())]),
+      ),
+      false,
+    );
+    res.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*count.borrow(), 2);
+
+    let (count, res) = run_symbol(
+      (
+        DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(true)], vec![Ok(())]),
+        DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(false)], vec![Ok(())]),
+      ),
+      false,
+    );
+    res.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*count.borrow(), 1);
+
+    // An unreached symbol forces all further symbols
+    let (count, res) = run_symbol(
+      (
+        DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(false)], vec![Ok(())]),
+        DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(true)], vec![Ok(())]),
+      ),
+      false,
+    );
+    res.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*count.borrow(), 2);
+
+    let (count, res) = run_symbol(
+      (
+        DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(true)], vec![Ok(())]),
+        DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(true)], vec![Ok(())]),
+      ),
+      false,
+    );
+    res.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*count.borrow(), 0);
+
+    let (count, res) = run_symbol(
+      (
+        DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(true)], vec![Ok(())]),
+        DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(true)], vec![Ok(())]),
+      ),
+      true,
+    );
+    res.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*count.borrow(), 2);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/setup/setup.rs b/src/setup/setup.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24ebf1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/setup/setup.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+use super::core::{RegularSetupCore, SetupCore};
+use super::runnable::Runnable;
+use super::util::{AddResult, AddableResource};
+use super::SymbolRunner;
+use crate::async_utils::run;
+use crate::loggers::Logger;
+use crate::resources::{DefaultArtifacts, DefaultResources, FromArtifact, FromResource};
+use crate::{DefaultBuilder, DefaultLocator};
+use futures::future::FutureExt;
+use futures::future::Shared;
+use std::cell::{RefCell, RefMut};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+type Cache<Rs, As> = HashMap<Rs, Shared<Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = (As, bool)>>>>>;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct SetupInner<CORE, LOG, Rs, As> {
+  core: CORE,
+  logger: LOG,
+  resources: RefCell<Cache<Rs, As>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Setup<
+  SR,
+  LOG,
+  L = DefaultLocator,
+  B = DefaultBuilder,
+  Rs = DefaultResources<'static, &'static str>,
+  As = DefaultArtifacts<'static, &'static str>,
+>(Rc<SetupInner<RegularSetupCore<SR, L, B>, LOG, Rs, As>>);
+
+// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/27336
+impl<SR, LOG> Setup<SR, LOG> {
+  pub fn new(symbol_runner: SR, logger: LOG) -> Self {
+    Self::new_with(symbol_runner, logger)
+  }
+}
+
+impl<L, B, As, SR, LOG, Rs: Hash + Eq> Setup<SR, LOG, L, B, Rs, As> {
+  pub fn new_with(symbol_runner: SR, logger: LOG) -> Self {
+    Self(Rc::new(SetupInner {
+      core: RegularSetupCore::new(symbol_runner),
+      logger,
+      resources: RefCell::default(),
+    }))
+  }
+}
+
+impl<
+    L: 'static,
+    B: 'static,
+    SR: 'static,
+    LOG: 'static + Logger,
+    Rs: Hash + Eq + 'static,
+    As: 'static,
+  > Setup<SR, LOG, L, B, Rs, As>
+{
+  fn borrow_resources(&self) -> RefMut<'_, Cache<Rs, As>> {
+    self.0.resources.borrow_mut()
+  }
+
+  pub(super) async fn add_async<R: AddableResource>(
+    &self,
+    resource: R,
+    force_run: bool,
+  ) -> AddResult<R>
+  where
+    Rs: FromResource<R>,
+    As: FromArtifact<R> + Clone,
+    R::Artifact: Clone,
+    RegularSetupCore<SR, L, B>: SetupCore<R, Self>,
+  {
+    let (storable_resource, weak_resource) = Rs::from_resource(resource);
+    let mut resources = self.borrow_resources();
+    if let Some(future) = resources.remove(&storable_resource) {
+      assert!(
+        !force_run,
+        "Forcing to run an already-added resource is a logical error"
+      );
+      resources.insert(storable_resource, future.clone());
+      drop(resources);
+      Ok(future.await)
+    } else {
+      let inner_weak = Rc::downgrade(&self.0);
+      let future = Box::pin(async move {
+        let this = Self(inner_weak.upgrade().expect("Dangling!"));
+        let resource = weak_resource.upgrade().expect("Dangling!");
+        // Need to convert Box<Error> to String for Clone for Shared
+        this
+          .0
+          .core
+          .add(&this, &this.0.logger, resource, force_run)
+          .await
+          .map(|(t, did_run)| (As::from_artifact(t), did_run))
+          .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+      })
+      .shared();
+      let future_clone = future.clone();
+      resources.insert(
+        storable_resource,
+        (Box::pin(async move { future_clone.await.unwrap() })
+          as Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = (As, bool)>>>)
+          .shared(),
+      );
+      drop(resources);
+      future.await.map_err(|e| e.into())
+    }
+    .map(|(t, did_run)| (t.into_artifact(), did_run))
+  }
+
+  //
+  // Legacy
+  //
+  pub fn add<R: AddableResource>(&self, resource: R) -> AddResult<R>
+  where
+    RegularSetupCore<SR, L, B>: SetupCore<R, Self>,
+    Rs: FromResource<R>,
+    As: FromArtifact<R> + Clone,
+    R::Artifact: Clone,
+  {
+    run(self.add_async(resource, false))
+  }
+
+  pub fn add_force<R: AddableResource>(&self, resource: R, force_run: bool) -> AddResult<R>
+  where
+    RegularSetupCore<SR, L, B>: SetupCore<R, Self>,
+    Rs: FromResource<R>,
+    As: FromArtifact<R> + Clone,
+    R::Artifact: Clone,
+  {
+    run(self.add_async(resource, force_run))
+  }
+
+  pub fn run_symbol<S: Runnable>(&self, symbol: S, force: bool) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>
+  where
+    RegularSetupCore<SR, L, B>: SymbolRunner,
+  {
+    run(symbol.run(&self.0.core, &self.0.logger, force))
+  }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+  use super::SymbolRunner;
+  use crate::loggers::{Logger, StoringLogger};
+  use crate::resources::{FromArtifact, FromResource, Resource};
+  use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+  use crate::to_artifact::ToArtifact;
+  use crate::{ImplementationBuilder, ResourceLocator, Setup};
+  use async_trait::async_trait;
+  use std::cell::RefCell;
+  use std::error::Error;
+  use std::fmt::Debug;
+  use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};
+
+  struct TestSymbolRunner {
+    count: Rc<RefCell<usize>>,
+  }
+
+  #[async_trait(?Send)]
+  impl SymbolRunner for TestSymbolRunner {
+    async fn run_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug, L: Logger>(
+      &self,
+      symbol: &S,
+      logger: &L,
+      force: bool,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+      let run = force || !symbol.target_reached().await?;
+      if run {
+        *self.count.borrow_mut() += 1;
+      }
+      Ok(run)
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+  struct TestResource<T>(&'static str, T);
+  impl<T> Resource for TestResource<T> {
+    type Artifact = ();
+  }
+
+  #[derive(Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+  enum Resources {
+    A(Rc<TestResource<&'static str>>),
+    B(Rc<TestResource<()>>),
+  }
+  impl FromResource<TestResource<&'static str>> for Resources {
+    fn from_resource(from: TestResource<&'static str>) -> (Self, Weak<TestResource<&'static str>>) {
+      let inner = Rc::new(from);
+      (Self::A(Rc::clone(&inner)), Rc::downgrade(&inner))
+    }
+  }
+  impl FromResource<TestResource<()>> for Resources {
+    fn from_resource(from: TestResource<()>) -> (Self, Weak<TestResource<()>>) {
+      let inner = Rc::new(from);
+      (Self::B(Rc::clone(&inner)), Rc::downgrade(&inner))
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[derive(Clone)]
+  struct Artifacts;
+  impl<V> FromArtifact<TestResource<V>> for Artifacts {
+    fn from_artifact(from: ()) -> Self {
+      Self
+    }
+    fn into_artifact(self) -> () {
+      ()
+    }
+  }
+
+  struct TestResourceLocator;
+  impl<T> ResourceLocator<TestResource<T>> for TestResourceLocator {
+    type Prerequisites = ();
+    fn locate(_resource: &TestResource<T>) -> (<TestResource<T> as ToArtifact>::Artifact, ()) {
+      ((), ())
+    }
+  }
+
+  struct TestImplementationBuilder;
+  impl ImplementationBuilder<TestResource<&'static str>> for TestImplementationBuilder {
+    type Implementation = TestSymbol;
+    type Prerequisites = TestResource<()>;
+
+    fn prerequisites(resource: &TestResource<&'static str>) -> Self::Prerequisites {
+      TestResource(resource.1, ())
+    }
+    fn create(
+      resource: &TestResource<&'static str>,
+      (): &(),
+      _inputs: <Self::Prerequisites as ToArtifact>::Artifact,
+    ) -> Self::Implementation {
+      TestSymbol {
+        reached: resource.0.chars().next().unwrap().is_uppercase(),
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  impl ImplementationBuilder<TestResource<()>> for TestImplementationBuilder {
+    type Implementation = TestSymbol;
+    type Prerequisites = ();
+
+    fn prerequisites(_resource: &TestResource<()>) -> Self::Prerequisites {}
+    fn create(resource: &TestResource<()>, (): &(), (): ()) -> Self::Implementation {
+      TestSymbol {
+        reached: resource.0.chars().next().unwrap().is_uppercase(),
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[derive(Debug)]
+  struct TestSymbol {
+    reached: bool,
+  }
+
+  #[async_trait(?Send)]
+  impl Symbol for TestSymbol {
+    async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+      Ok(self.reached)
+    }
+    async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+      Ok(())
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn get_setup() -> (
+    Rc<RefCell<usize>>,
+    Setup<
+      TestSymbolRunner,
+      StoringLogger,
+      TestResourceLocator,
+      TestImplementationBuilder,
+      Resources,
+      Artifacts,
+    >,
+  ) {
+    let count = Rc::new(RefCell::new(0));
+    let runner = TestSymbolRunner {
+      count: Rc::clone(&count),
+    };
+    (count, Setup::new_with(runner, StoringLogger::new()))
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn correctly_uses_force() {
+    let (count, setup) = get_setup();
+    setup.add(TestResource("A", "b")).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*count.borrow(), 2);
+    setup.add(TestResource("A", "b")).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*count.borrow(), 2);
+
+    let (count, setup) = get_setup();
+    setup.add(TestResource("A", "B")).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*count.borrow(), 0);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/setup/symbol_runner.rs b/src/setup/symbol_runner.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e6ce83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/setup/symbol_runner.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+use crate::loggers::Logger;
+use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
+pub trait SymbolRunner {
+  async fn run_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug, L: Logger>(
+    &self,
+    symbol: &S,
+    logger: &L,
+    force: bool,
+  ) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum SymbolRunError {
+  Symbol(Box<dyn Error>),
+  ExecuteDidNotReach(()),
+}
+
+impl Error for SymbolRunError {
+  fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error> {
+    match self {
+      Self::Symbol(ref e) => Some(&**e),
+      Self::ExecuteDidNotReach(_) => None,
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for SymbolRunError {
+  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+    match self {
+      Self::Symbol(ref e) => write!(f, "{}", e),
+      Self::ExecuteDidNotReach(_) => write!(f, "Target not reached after executing symbol"),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct InitializingSymbolRunner;
+
+impl InitializingSymbolRunner {
+  pub fn new() -> Self {
+    Self
+  }
+
+  async fn exec_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug, L: Logger>(
+    &self,
+    symbol: &S,
+    logger: &L,
+  ) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    logger.info(format!("Executing {:?}", symbol));
+    symbol.execute().await?;
+    let target_reached = symbol.target_reached().await?;
+    logger.trace(format!(
+      "Symbol reports target_reached: {:?} (should be true)",
+      target_reached
+    ));
+    if target_reached {
+      Ok(())
+    } else {
+      Err(Box::new(SymbolRunError::ExecuteDidNotReach(())))
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
+impl SymbolRunner for InitializingSymbolRunner {
+  async fn run_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug, L: Logger>(
+    &self,
+    symbol: &S,
+    logger: &L,
+    force: bool,
+  ) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let executed = if force {
+      logger.debug("Forcing symbol execution");
+      self.exec_symbol(symbol, logger).await?;
+      true
+    } else {
+      let target_reached = symbol.target_reached().await?;
+      if target_reached {
+        logger.debug(format!("{:?} already reached", symbol));
+      } else {
+        logger.trace(format!(
+          "Symbol reports target_reached: {:?}",
+          target_reached
+        ));
+        self.exec_symbol(symbol, logger).await?;
+      }
+      !target_reached
+    };
+    Ok(executed)
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct DrySymbolRunner;
+
+impl DrySymbolRunner {
+  pub fn new() -> Self {
+    Self
+  }
+}
+
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
+impl SymbolRunner for DrySymbolRunner {
+  async fn run_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug, L: Logger>(
+    &self,
+    symbol: &S,
+    logger: &L,
+    force: bool,
+  ) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let would_execute = if force {
+      logger.info(format!("Would force-execute {:?}", symbol));
+      true
+    } else {
+      let target_reached = symbol.target_reached().await?;
+      logger.debug(format!(
+        "Symbol reports target_reached: {:?}",
+        target_reached
+      ));
+      if !target_reached {
+        logger.info(format!("Would execute {:?}", symbol));
+      }
+      !target_reached
+    };
+    Ok(would_execute)
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct ReportingSymbolRunner<R>(R);
+
+impl<R> ReportingSymbolRunner<R> {
+  pub fn new(symbol_runner: R) -> Self {
+    Self(symbol_runner)
+  }
+}
+
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
+impl<R> SymbolRunner for ReportingSymbolRunner<R>
+where
+  R: SymbolRunner,
+{
+  async fn run_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug, L: Logger>(
+    &self,
+    symbol: &S,
+    logger: &L,
+    force: bool,
+  ) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+    logger.debug(format!("Running symbol {:?}", symbol));
+    let res = self.0.run_symbol(symbol, logger, force).await;
+    if let Err(ref e) = res {
+      logger.info(format!("Failed on {:?} with {}, aborting.", symbol, e))
+    } else {
+      logger.debug(format!("Successfully finished {:?}", symbol))
+    }
+    res
+  }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+  use super::{DrySymbolRunner, InitializingSymbolRunner, ReportingSymbolRunner, SymbolRunner};
+  use crate::async_utils::sleep;
+  use crate::async_utils::{run, try_join};
+  use crate::loggers::StoringLogger;
+  use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+  use async_trait::async_trait;
+  use std::cell::RefCell;
+  use std::error::Error;
+  use std::fmt;
+  use std::fmt::Debug;
+  use std::time::Duration;
+
+  #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+  enum DummySymbolError {
+    Error(()),
+  }
+
+  impl Error for DummySymbolError {}
+
+  impl fmt::Display for DummySymbolError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+      write!(f, "Dummy symbol error")
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[derive(Debug)]
+  struct DummySymbol<T, E> {
+    _target_reached: RefCell<T>,
+    _execute: RefCell<E>,
+  }
+
+  #[async_trait(?Send)]
+  impl<
+      E: Iterator<Item = Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>>,
+      T: Iterator<Item = Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>>,
+    > Symbol for DummySymbol<T, E>
+  {
+    async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+      self._target_reached.borrow_mut().next().unwrap()
+    }
+    async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+      self._execute.borrow_mut().next().unwrap()
+    }
+  }
+
+  impl<
+      E: Iterator<Item = Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>>,
+      T: Iterator<Item = Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>>,
+    > DummySymbol<T, E>
+  {
+    fn new<
+      IE: IntoIterator<IntoIter = E, Item = Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>>,
+      IT: IntoIterator<IntoIter = T, Item = Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>>,
+    >(
+      target_reached: IT,
+      execute: IE,
+    ) -> Self {
+      Self {
+        _target_reached: RefCell::new(target_reached.into_iter()),
+        _execute: RefCell::new(execute.into_iter()),
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn run_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug>(s: S) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+    run(InitializingSymbolRunner::new().run_symbol(&s, &StoringLogger::new(), false))
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn nothing_needed_to_be_done() {
+    let result = run_symbol(DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(true)], vec![Ok(())]));
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn everything_is_ok() {
+    let result = run_symbol(DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(false), Ok(true)], vec![Ok(())]));
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn executing_did_not_change_state() {
+    let result = run_symbol(DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(false), Ok(false)], vec![Ok(())]));
+    assert_eq!(
+      result.unwrap_err().to_string(),
+      "Target not reached after executing symbol"
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn executing_did_not_work() {
+    let result = run_symbol(DummySymbol::new(
+      vec![Ok(false)],
+      vec![Err(Box::new(DummySymbolError::Error(())) as Box<dyn Error>)],
+    ));
+    assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), "Dummy symbol error");
+  }
+
+  #[derive(Debug)]
+  struct SleeperSymbol;
+
+  #[async_trait(?Send)]
+  impl Symbol for SleeperSymbol {
+    async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+      sleep(Duration::from_millis(0)).await;
+      Ok(true)
+    }
+    async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+      unimplemented!();
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn actually_support_parallel_execution() {
+    run(async {
+      let s1 = SleeperSymbol;
+      let s2 = DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(false), Ok(true)], vec![Ok(())]);
+
+      let l1 = StoringLogger::new();
+      let l2 = StoringLogger::new();
+      let runner1 = InitializingSymbolRunner::new();
+      let result = try_join!(
+        runner1.run_symbol(&s1, &l1, false),
+        runner1.run_symbol(&s2, &l2, false),
+      )
+      .unwrap();
+      assert_eq!(result, (false, true));
+
+      let s2 = DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(false), Ok(true)], vec![Ok(())]);
+      let l1 = StoringLogger::new();
+      let l2 = StoringLogger::new();
+      let runner2 = DrySymbolRunner::new();
+      let result = try_join!(
+        runner2.run_symbol(&s1, &l1, false),
+        runner2.run_symbol(&s2, &l2, false),
+      )
+      .unwrap();
+      assert_eq!(result, (false, true));
+
+      let s2 = DummySymbol::new(vec![Ok(false), Ok(true)], vec![Ok(())]);
+      let l1 = StoringLogger::new();
+      let l2 = StoringLogger::new();
+      let runner3 = ReportingSymbolRunner::new(runner1);
+      let result = try_join!(
+        runner3.run_symbol(&s1, &l1, false),
+        runner3.run_symbol(&s2, &l2, false),
+      )
+      .unwrap();
+      assert_eq!(result, (false, true));
+    });
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/setup/util.rs b/src/setup/util.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad9dbff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/setup/util.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use crate::resources::Resource;
+use crate::to_artifact::ToArtifact;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+
+pub trait AddableResource: 'static + Resource + Debug {}
+impl<R> AddableResource for R where R: 'static + Resource + Debug {}
+
+pub type AddResult<R> = Result<(<R as ToArtifact>::Artifact, bool), Box<dyn Error>>;
diff --git a/src/symbols/acme/cert.rs b/src/symbols/acme/cert.rs
index 9145301..e54f70a 100644
--- a/src/symbols/acme/cert.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/acme/cert.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fs::File as FsFile;
@@ -44,24 +45,29 @@ impl<_C, C, D, P> Cert<_C, C, D, P> {
 
 const DAYS_IN_SECONDS: u32 = 24 * 60 * 60;
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<_C: CommandRunner, C: Borrow<_C>, D: AsRef<str>, P: AsRef<Path>> Symbol for Cert<_C, C, D, P> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     if !self.cert_path.as_ref().exists() {
       return Ok(false);
     }
 
-    let output = self.command_runner.borrow().run_with_args(
-      "openssl",
-      args![
-        "x509",
-        "-in",
-        self.cert_path.as_ref(),
-        "-noout",
-        "-subject",
-        "-checkend",
-        (30 * DAYS_IN_SECONDS).to_string(),
-      ],
-    )?;
+    let output = self
+      .command_runner
+      .borrow()
+      .run_with_args(
+        "openssl",
+        args![
+          "x509",
+          "-in",
+          self.cert_path.as_ref(),
+          "-noout",
+          "-subject",
+          "-checkend",
+          (30 * DAYS_IN_SECONDS).to_string(),
+        ],
+      )
+      .await?;
     if output.status.success()
       && output.stdout
         == format!(
@@ -83,6 +89,7 @@ impl<_C: CommandRunner, C: Borrow<_C>, D: AsRef<str>, P: AsRef<Path>> Symbol for
               self.cert_path.as_ref(),
             ],
           )
+          .await
           .is_ok(),
       )
     } else if output.status.code() == Some(1)
@@ -99,18 +106,22 @@ impl<_C: CommandRunner, C: Borrow<_C>, D: AsRef<str>, P: AsRef<Path>> Symbol for
     }
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    let output = self.command_runner.borrow().get_output(
-      "acme-tiny",
-      args![
-        "--account-key",
-        self.account_key_path.as_ref(),
-        "--csr",
-        self.csr_path.as_ref(),
-        "--acme-dir",
-        self.challenges_path.as_ref(),
-      ],
-    )?;
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let output = self
+      .command_runner
+      .borrow()
+      .get_output(
+        "acme-tiny",
+        args![
+          "--account-key",
+          self.account_key_path.as_ref(),
+          "--csr",
+          self.csr_path.as_ref(),
+          "--acme-dir",
+          self.challenges_path.as_ref(),
+        ],
+      )
+      .await?;
     let mut file = FsFile::create(self.cert_path.as_ref())?;
     file.write_all(&output)?;
     Ok(())
diff --git a/src/symbols/concat.rs b/src/symbols/concat.rs
index cdde300..b226c99 100644
--- a/src/symbols/concat.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/concat.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fs::{metadata, File};
 use std::io::copy;
@@ -22,8 +23,9 @@ impl<S, D, I> Concat<S, D, I> {
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<S: AsRef<[I]>, D: AsRef<Path>, I: AsRef<Path>> Symbol for Concat<S, D, I> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     let target = self.target.as_ref();
     if !target.exists() {
       return Ok(false);
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ impl<S: AsRef<[I]>, D: AsRef<Path>, I: AsRef<Path>> Symbol for Concat<S, D, I> {
     Ok(true)
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     let mut file = File::create(self.target.as_ref())?;
     for source in self.sources.as_ref() {
       copy(&mut File::open(source)?, &mut file)?;
diff --git a/src/symbols/cron.rs b/src/symbols/cron.rs
index e30978d..2a452ce 100644
--- a/src/symbols/cron.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/cron.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
+use crate::command_runner::{is_success, CommandRunner};
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::error::Error;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -19,23 +20,27 @@ impl<'r, U, R> Cron<'r, String, U, R> {
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<C: AsRef<str>, U: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> Symbol for Cron<'_, C, U, R> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     let tab = self
       .command_runner
-      .get_output("crontab", args!["-l", "-u", self.user.as_ref()])?;
+      .get_output("crontab", args!["-l", "-u", self.user.as_ref()])
+      .await?;
     Ok(tab == self.content.as_ref().as_bytes())
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    let output = self.command_runner.run_with_args_and_stdin(
-      "crontab",
-      args!["-u", self.user.as_ref(), "-",],
-      self.content.as_ref(),
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    is_success(
+      self
+        .command_runner
+        .run(
+          "crontab",
+          args!["-u", self.user.as_ref(), "-",],
+          self.content.as_ref(),
+        )
+        .await,
     )?;
-    if !output.status.success() {
-      return Err(String::from_utf8(output.stderr)?.into());
-    }
     Ok(())
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/symbols/dir.rs b/src/symbols/dir.rs
index c97c12a..f9fdacc 100644
--- a/src/symbols/dir.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/dir.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fs;
 use std::io;
@@ -15,8 +16,9 @@ impl<P> Dir<P> {
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<P: AsRef<Path>> Symbol for Dir<P> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     if !self.path.as_ref().exists() {
       return Ok(false);
     }
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ impl<P: AsRef<Path>> Symbol for Dir<P> {
     Ok(true)
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     fs::create_dir(self.path.as_ref()).map_err(|e| Box::new(e) as Box<dyn Error>)
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/symbols/file.rs b/src/symbols/file.rs
index 25fe3fa..edff275 100644
--- a/src/symbols/file.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/file.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fs::File as FsFile;
 use std::io::{Read, Write};
@@ -16,8 +17,9 @@ impl<D, C> File<D, C> {
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<D: AsRef<Path>, C: AsRef<str>> Symbol for File<D, C> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     if !self.path.as_ref().exists() {
       return Ok(false);
     }
@@ -35,7 +37,7 @@ impl<D: AsRef<Path>, C: AsRef<str>> Symbol for File<D, C> {
     }
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     let mut file = FsFile::create(self.path.as_ref())?;
     file.write_all(self.content.as_ref().as_bytes())?;
     Ok(())
diff --git a/src/symbols/git/checkout.rs b/src/symbols/git/checkout.rs
index 09a5a5a..e2ad4a5 100644
--- a/src/symbols/git/checkout.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/git/checkout.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+use crate::async_utils::try_join;
 use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
@@ -28,47 +30,121 @@ impl<C, _C, P, S, B> Checkout<_C, C, P, S, B> {
 }
 
 impl<C: CommandRunner, _C: Borrow<C>, P: AsRef<Path>, S, B> Checkout<C, _C, P, S, B> {
-  fn _run_in_target_repo(&self, args: &[impl AsRef<OsStr>]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Box<dyn Error>> {
-    let mut new_args = vec![OsStr::new("-C"), self.target.as_ref().as_ref()];
+  async fn run_git(&self, args: &[impl AsRef<OsStr>]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let mut new_args = Vec::with_capacity(args.len() + 2);
+    new_args.extend_from_slice(args!["-C", self.target.as_ref()]);
     new_args.extend(args.iter().map(AsRef::as_ref));
-    self.command_runner.borrow().get_output("git", &new_args)
+    self
+      .command_runner
+      .borrow()
+      .get_output("git", &new_args)
+      .await
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<C: CommandRunner, _C: Borrow<C>, P: AsRef<Path>, S: AsRef<str>, B: AsRef<str>> Symbol
   for Checkout<C, _C, P, S, B>
 {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     if !self.target.as_ref().exists() {
       return Ok(false);
     }
-    self._run_in_target_repo(&["fetch", self.source.as_ref(), self.branch.as_ref()])?;
-    // git rev-list resolves tag objects
-    let fetch_head = self._run_in_target_repo(&["rev-list", "-1", "FETCH_HEAD"])?;
-    let head = self._run_in_target_repo(&["rev-list", "-1", "HEAD"])?;
+    let fetch_head_f = async {
+      self
+        .run_git(args!["fetch", self.source, self.branch])
+        .await?;
+      // git rev-list resolves tag objects
+      self.run_git(&["rev-list", "-1", "FETCH_HEAD"]).await
+    };
+    let head_f = self.run_git(&["rev-list", "-1", "HEAD"]);
+    let (fetch_head, head) = try_join!(fetch_head_f, head_f)?;
     Ok(fetch_head == head)
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     if !self.target.as_ref().exists() {
-      return self.command_runner.borrow().run_successfully(
-        "git",
-        args![
-          "clone",
-          "--depth",
-          "1",
-          "-b",
-          self.branch.as_ref(),
-          self.source.as_ref(),
-          self.target.as_ref(),
-        ],
-      );
+      self
+        .command_runner
+        .borrow()
+        .run_successfully(
+          "git",
+          args![
+            "clone",
+            "--depth",
+            "1",
+            "-b",
+            self.branch.as_ref(),
+            self.source.as_ref(),
+            self.target.as_ref(),
+          ],
+        )
+        .await?;
+    } else {
+      self
+        .run_git(&["fetch", self.source.as_ref(), self.branch.as_ref()])
+        .await?;
+      self.run_git(&["merge", "FETCH_HEAD"]).await?;
     }
-    self._run_in_target_repo(&["fetch", self.source.as_ref(), self.branch.as_ref()])?;
-    self._run_in_target_repo(&["merge", "FETCH_HEAD"])?;
     Ok(())
   }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod test {}
+mod test {
+  use super::Checkout;
+  use crate::async_utils::run;
+  use crate::async_utils::sleep;
+  use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
+  use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+  use async_trait::async_trait;
+  use std::cell::RefCell;
+  use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
+  use std::io::Result as IoResult;
+  use std::os::unix::process::ExitStatusExt;
+  use std::process::{ExitStatus, Output};
+  use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+  struct DummyCommandRunner {
+    pub args: RefCell<Vec<Vec<OsString>>>,
+  }
+  #[async_trait(?Send)]
+  impl CommandRunner for DummyCommandRunner {
+    async fn run(&self, program: &str, args: &[&OsStr], stdin: &str) -> IoResult<Output> {
+      assert_eq!(program, "git");
+      assert_eq!(stdin, "");
+      sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
+      self
+        .args
+        .borrow_mut()
+        .push(args.iter().map(|a| a.to_os_string()).collect());
+      Ok(Output {
+        status: ExitStatus::from_raw(0),
+        stdout: vec![],
+        stderr: vec![],
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test() {
+    let c = DummyCommandRunner {
+      args: RefCell::new(vec![]),
+    };
+    let checkout: Checkout<DummyCommandRunner, _, _, _, _> =
+      Checkout::new("target", "source", "branch", &c);
+    let start = Instant::now();
+    assert!(run(checkout.target_reached()).unwrap());
+    let end = Instant::now();
+    assert_eq!(
+      c.args.into_inner(),
+      [
+        ["-C", "target", "fetch", "source", "branch"],
+        ["-C", "target", "rev-list", "-1", "HEAD"],
+        ["-C", "target", "rev-list", "-1", "FETCH_HEAD"]
+      ]
+    );
+    assert!((end - start).as_millis() >= 100);
+    assert!((end - start).as_millis() < 150);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/symbols/git/mod.rs b/src/symbols/git/mod.rs
index 580afe8..10a23bd 100644
--- a/src/symbols/git/mod.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/git/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 mod checkout;
-//pub mod submodules;
+pub mod submodules;
 
 pub use checkout::Checkout;
diff --git a/src/symbols/git/submodules.rs b/src/symbols/git/submodules.rs
index 83255d1..e35eabf 100644
--- a/src/symbols/git/submodules.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/git/submodules.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
+use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
+use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::path::Path;
 
-use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
-use crate::symbols::{Action, OwnedSymbolAction, Symbol, SymbolAction, SymbolRunner};
-
-pub struct GitSubmodules<'a, P: AsRef<Path>, C: CommandRunner> {
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct GitSubmodules<'a, P, C> {
   target: P,
   command_runner: &'a C,
 }
 
-impl<'a, P: AsRef<Path>, C: CommandRunner> GitSubmodules<'a, P, C> {
+impl<'a, P, C> GitSubmodules<'a, P, C> {
   pub fn new(target: P, command_runner: &'a C) -> Self {
-    GitSubmodules {
+    Self {
       target,
       command_runner,
     }
@@ -27,20 +28,25 @@ impl<P: AsRef<Path>, C: CommandRunner> fmt::Display for GitSubmodules<'_, P, C>
 }
 
 impl<P: AsRef<Path>, C: CommandRunner> GitSubmodules<'_, P, C> {
-  fn _run_in_target_repo(&self, args: &[&OsStr]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn _run_in_target_repo(&self, args: &[&OsStr]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Box<dyn Error>> {
     let mut new_args: Vec<&OsStr> = vec![];
     new_args.extend_from_slice(args!["-C", self.target.as_ref()]);
     new_args.extend_from_slice(args);
-    self.command_runner.get_output("git", &new_args)
+    self.command_runner.get_output("git", &new_args).await
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<P: AsRef<Path>, C: CommandRunner> Symbol for GitSubmodules<'_, P, C> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     if !self.target.as_ref().exists() {
       return Ok(false);
     }
-    let output = String::from_utf8(self._run_in_target_repo(args!["submodule", "status"])?)?;
+    let output = String::from_utf8(
+      self
+        ._run_in_target_repo(args!["submodule", "status"])
+        .await?,
+    )?;
     Ok(
       output
         .lines()
@@ -48,21 +54,12 @@ impl<P: AsRef<Path>, C: CommandRunner> Symbol for GitSubmodules<'_, P, C> {
     )
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    self._run_in_target_repo(args!["submodule", "update", "--init"])?;
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    self
+      ._run_in_target_repo(args!["submodule", "update", "--init"])
+      .await?;
     Ok(())
   }
-
-  fn as_action<'b>(&'b self, runner: &'b dyn SymbolRunner) -> Box<dyn Action + 'b> {
-    Box::new(SymbolAction::new(runner, self))
-  }
-
-  fn into_action<'b>(self: Box<Self>, runner: &'b dyn SymbolRunner) -> Box<dyn Action + 'b>
-  where
-    Self: 'b,
-  {
-    Box::new(OwnedSymbolAction::new(runner, *self))
-  }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/src/symbols/mariadb/database.rs b/src/symbols/mariadb/database.rs
index 4a35ae2..caace4e 100644
--- a/src/symbols/mariadb/database.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/mariadb/database.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
 use crate::storage::Storage;
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::error::Error;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -19,37 +20,45 @@ impl<'a, D, S, C: CommandRunner> Database<'a, D, S, C> {
     }
   }
 
-  fn run_sql(&self, sql: &str) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn run_sql(&self, sql: &str) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {
     let b = self
       .command_runner
-      .get_output("mariadb", args!["--skip-column-names", "-B", "-e", sql])?;
+      .get_output("mariadb", args!["--skip-column-names", "-B", "-e", sql])
+      .await?;
     Ok(String::from_utf8(b)?)
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<D: AsRef<str>, S: Storage, C: CommandRunner> Symbol for Database<'_, D, S, C> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     Ok(
       self
-        .run_sql(&format!("SHOW DATABASES LIKE '{}'", self.db_name.as_ref()))?
+        .run_sql(&format!("SHOW DATABASES LIKE '{}'", self.db_name.as_ref()))
+        .await?
         .trim_end()
         == self.db_name.as_ref(),
     )
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    self.run_sql(&format!("CREATE DATABASE {}", self.db_name.as_ref()))?;
-    self.command_runner.run_successfully(
-      "sh",
-      args![
-        "-c",
-        format!(
-          "mariadb '{}' < {}",
-          self.db_name.as_ref(),
-          self.seed_file.read_filename()?.to_str().unwrap()
-        ),
-      ],
-    )
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    self
+      .run_sql(&format!("CREATE DATABASE {}", self.db_name.as_ref()))
+      .await?;
+    self
+      .command_runner
+      .run_successfully(
+        "sh",
+        args![
+          "-c",
+          format!(
+            "mariadb '{}' < {}",
+            self.db_name.as_ref(),
+            self.seed_file.read_filename()?.to_str().unwrap()
+          ),
+        ],
+      )
+      .await
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/symbols/mariadb/dump.rs b/src/symbols/mariadb/dump.rs
index e01d9d8..8276532 100644
--- a/src/symbols/mariadb/dump.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/mariadb/dump.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use std::error::Error;
-use std::str::FromStr;
-
 use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
 use crate::storage::Storage;
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Dump<'a, N, C, S> {
@@ -21,34 +21,39 @@ impl<'a, N, C: CommandRunner, S> Dump<'a, N, C, S> {
     }
   }
 
-  fn run_sql(&self, sql: &str) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn run_sql(&self, sql: &str) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {
     let b = self
       .command_runner
-      .get_output("mariadb", args!["--skip-column-names", "-B", "-e", sql])?;
+      .get_output("mariadb", args!["--skip-column-names", "-B", "-e", sql])
+      .await?;
     Ok(String::from_utf8(b)?)
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<N: AsRef<str>, C: CommandRunner, S: Storage> Symbol for Dump<'_, N, C, S> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     let dump_date = self.storage.recent_date()?;
-    let _modified_date = self.run_sql(&format!("select UNIX_TIMESTAMP(MAX(UPDATE_TIME)) from information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = '{}'", self.db_name.as_ref()))?;
+    let _modified_date = self.run_sql(&format!("select UNIX_TIMESTAMP(MAX(UPDATE_TIME)) from information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = '{}'", self.db_name.as_ref())).await?;
     let modified_date = _modified_date.trim_end();
     Ok(modified_date != "NULL" && u64::from_str(modified_date)? <= dump_date)
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    self.command_runner.run_successfully(
-      "sh",
-      args![
-        "-c",
-        format!(
-          "mysqldump '{}' > {}",
-          self.db_name.as_ref(),
-          self.storage.write_filename().to_str().unwrap()
-        ),
-      ],
-    )
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    self
+      .command_runner
+      .run_successfully(
+        "sh",
+        args![
+          "-c",
+          format!(
+            "mysqldump '{}' > {}",
+            self.db_name.as_ref(),
+            self.storage.write_filename().to_str().unwrap()
+          ),
+        ],
+      )
+      .await
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/symbols/mariadb/user.rs b/src/symbols/mariadb/user.rs
index 337f229..b8eb4b5 100644
--- a/src/symbols/mariadb/user.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/mariadb/user.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::error::Error;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -16,32 +17,37 @@ impl<'a, U: AsRef<str>, C: CommandRunner> User<'a, U, C> {
     }
   }
 
-  fn run_sql(&self, sql: &str) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn run_sql(&self, sql: &str) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {
     let b = self
       .command_runner
-      .get_output("mariadb", args!["--skip-column-names", "-B", "-e", sql])?;
+      .get_output("mariadb", args!["--skip-column-names", "-B", "-e", sql])
+      .await?;
     Ok(String::from_utf8(b)?)
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<U: AsRef<str>, C: CommandRunner> Symbol for User<'_, U, C> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     Ok(
       self
         .run_sql(&format!(
           "SELECT User FROM mysql.user WHERE User = '{}' AND plugin = 'unix_socket'",
           self.user_name.as_ref()
-        ))?
+        ))
+        .await?
         .trim_end()
         == self.user_name.as_ref(),
     )
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    self.run_sql(&format!(
-      "GRANT ALL ON {0}.* TO {0} IDENTIFIED VIA unix_socket",
-      self.user_name.as_ref()
-    ))?;
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    self
+      .run_sql(&format!(
+        "GRANT ALL ON {0}.* TO {0} IDENTIFIED VIA unix_socket",
+        self.user_name.as_ref()
+      ))
+      .await?;
     Ok(())
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/symbols/mod.rs b/src/symbols/mod.rs
index a9932a8..875131e 100644
--- a/src/symbols/mod.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::error::Error;
 
 // Symbol
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 pub trait Symbol {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>;
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>;
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>>;
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>;
 }
 
 pub mod acme;
diff --git a/src/symbols/npm.rs b/src/symbols/npm.rs
index afc42ba..5536c96 100644
--- a/src/symbols/npm.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/npm.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -29,37 +30,39 @@ impl<T: AsRef<Path>, C: CommandRunner> fmt::Display for Install<'_, T, C> {
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<T: AsRef<Path>, C: CommandRunner> Symbol for Install<'_, T, C> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     if !self.target.as_ref().exists() {
       return Ok(false);
     }
-    let result = self.command_runner.run_with_args(
-      "sh",
-      args![
-        "-c",
-        format!("cd '{}' && npm ls", self.target.as_ref().to_str().unwrap()),
-      ],
-    )?;
-    Ok(
-      result.status.success()
-        && !String::from_utf8(result.stdout)
-          .unwrap()
-          .contains("(empty)"),
-    )
+    let output = self
+      .command_runner
+      .get_output(
+        "sh",
+        args![
+          "-c",
+          format!("cd '{}' && npm ls", self.target.as_ref().to_str().unwrap()),
+        ],
+      )
+      .await?;
+    Ok(!String::from_utf8(output).unwrap().contains("(empty)"))
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    self.command_runner.run_successfully(
-      "sh",
-      args![
-        "-c",
-        format!(
-          "cd '{}' && npm install --production --unsafe-perm",
-          self.target.as_ref().to_str().unwrap()
-        ),
-      ],
-    )
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    self
+      .command_runner
+      .run_successfully(
+        "sh",
+        args![
+          "-c",
+          format!(
+            "cd '{}' && npm install --production --unsafe-perm",
+            self.target.as_ref().to_str().unwrap()
+          ),
+        ],
+      )
+      .await
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/symbols/owner.rs b/src/symbols/owner.rs
index a58c4fc..c7d28a3 100644
--- a/src/symbols/owner.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/owner.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fs;
@@ -27,10 +28,11 @@ impl<_C, C, P, U> Owner<_C, C, P, U> {
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<_C: CommandRunner, C: Borrow<_C>, P: AsRef<Path>, U: AsRef<str>> Symbol
   for Owner<_C, C, P, U>
 {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     if !self.path.as_ref().exists() {
       return Ok(false);
     }
@@ -39,10 +41,14 @@ impl<_C: CommandRunner, C: Borrow<_C>, P: AsRef<Path>, U: AsRef<str>> Symbol
     Ok(actual_uid == target_uid)
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    self.command_runner.borrow().run_successfully(
-      "chown",
-      args!["-R", self.user_name.as_ref(), self.path.as_ref()],
-    )
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    self
+      .command_runner
+      .borrow()
+      .run_successfully(
+        "chown",
+        args!["-R", self.user_name.as_ref(), self.path.as_ref()],
+      )
+      .await
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/symbols/postgresql/database.rs b/src/symbols/postgresql/database.rs
index 7bc6c88..bf36fea 100644
--- a/src/symbols/postgresql/database.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/postgresql/database.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fmt;
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct PostgreSQLDatabase<'a, N: AsRef<str>, S: AsRef<str>, C: CommandRunner> {
   name: N,
   seed_file: S,
@@ -18,11 +20,14 @@ impl<'a, N: AsRef<str>, S: AsRef<str>, C: CommandRunner> PostgreSQLDatabase<'a,
     }
   }
 
-  fn run_sql(&self, sql: &str) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {
-    let b = self.command_runner.get_output(
-      "su",
-      args!["-", "postgres", "-c", format!("psql -t -c \"{}\"", sql)],
-    )?;
+  async fn run_sql(&self, sql: &str) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let b = self
+      .command_runner
+      .get_output(
+        "su",
+        args!["-", "postgres", "-c", format!("psql -t -c \"{}\"", sql)],
+      )
+      .await?;
     Ok(String::from_utf8(b)?)
   }
 }
@@ -35,54 +40,65 @@ impl<N: AsRef<str>, S: AsRef<str>, C: CommandRunner> fmt::Display
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<N: AsRef<str>, S: AsRef<str>, C: CommandRunner> Symbol for PostgreSQLDatabase<'_, N, S, C> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     Ok(
       self
         .run_sql(&format!(
           "SELECT datname FROM pg_database WHERE datname LIKE '{}'",
           self.name.as_ref()
-        ))?
+        ))
+        .await?
         .trim()
         == self.name.as_ref(),
     )
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    self.command_runner.run_successfully(
-      "su",
-      args![
-        "-",
-        "postgres",
-        "-c",
-        format!("createuser {}", self.name.as_ref())
-      ],
-    )?;
-    self.command_runner.run_successfully(
-      "su",
-      args![
-        "-",
-        "postgres",
-        "-c",
-        format!(
-          "createdb -E UTF8 -T template0 -O {} {0}",
-          self.name.as_ref()
-        ),
-      ],
-    )?;
-    self.command_runner.run_successfully(
-      "su",
-      args![
-        "-",
-        "postgres",
-        "-c",
-        format!(
-          "psql '{}' < {}",
-          self.name.as_ref(),
-          self.seed_file.as_ref()
-        ),
-      ],
-    )
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    self
+      .command_runner
+      .run_successfully(
+        "su",
+        args![
+          "-",
+          "postgres",
+          "-c",
+          format!("createuser {}", self.name.as_ref())
+        ],
+      )
+      .await?;
+    self
+      .command_runner
+      .run_successfully(
+        "su",
+        args![
+          "-",
+          "postgres",
+          "-c",
+          format!(
+            "createdb -E UTF8 -T template0 -O {} {0}",
+            self.name.as_ref()
+          ),
+        ],
+      )
+      .await?;
+    self
+      .command_runner
+      .run_successfully(
+        "su",
+        args![
+          "-",
+          "postgres",
+          "-c",
+          format!(
+            "psql '{}' < {}",
+            self.name.as_ref(),
+            self.seed_file.as_ref()
+          ),
+        ],
+      )
+      .await
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/symbols/saved_directory.rs b/src/symbols/saved_directory.rs
index 81772bc..d52091a 100644
--- a/src/symbols/saved_directory.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/saved_directory.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
 use crate::storage::Storage;
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fs;
@@ -36,10 +37,11 @@ impl<_C, C, P, S> SavedDirectory<_C, C, P, S> {
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<_C: CommandRunner, C: Borrow<_C>, P: AsRef<Path>, S: Storage> Symbol
   for SavedDirectory<_C, C, P, S>
 {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     let metadata = fs::metadata(self.path.as_ref());
     // Check if dir exists
     if let Err(e) = metadata {
@@ -57,26 +59,34 @@ impl<_C: CommandRunner, C: Borrow<_C>, P: AsRef<Path>, S: Storage> Symbol
     }
 
     let dump_date = self.storage.recent_date()?;
-    let output = self.command_runner.borrow().get_output(
-      "sh",
-      args![
-        "-c",
-        format!(
-          "find {} -printf '%T@\\n' | sort -r | head -n1 | grep '^[0-9]\\+' -o",
-          self.path.as_ref().to_str().unwrap()
-        ),
-      ],
-    )?;
+    let output = self
+      .command_runner
+      .borrow()
+      .get_output(
+        "sh",
+        args![
+          "-c",
+          format!(
+            "find {} -printf '%T@\\n' | sort -r | head -n1 | grep '^[0-9]\\+' -o",
+            self.path.as_ref().to_str().unwrap()
+          ),
+        ],
+      )
+      .await?;
     let modified_date = u64::from_str(String::from_utf8(output)?.trim_end())?;
     if if self.dir == StorageDirection::Store {
       modified_date > dump_date
     } else {
       dump_date > modified_date
     } {
-      let output = self.command_runner.borrow().run_with_args(
-        "diff",
-        args!["-rq", self.storage.read_filename()?, self.path.as_ref()],
-      )?;
+      let output = self
+        .command_runner
+        .borrow()
+        .run_with_args(
+          "diff",
+          args!["-rq", self.storage.read_filename()?, self.path.as_ref()],
+        )
+        .await?;
       match output.status.code() {
         Some(0) => Ok(true),
         Some(1) => Ok(false),
@@ -87,21 +97,30 @@ impl<_C: CommandRunner, C: Borrow<_C>, P: AsRef<Path>, S: Storage> Symbol
     }
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     if self.dir == StorageDirection::Load {
       self
         .command_runner
         .borrow()
-        .run_successfully("rm", args!["-rf", self.path.as_ref()])?;
-      self.command_runner.borrow().run_successfully(
-        "cp",
-        args!["-a", self.storage.read_filename()?, self.path.as_ref()],
-      )
+        .run_successfully("rm", args!["-rf", self.path.as_ref()])
+        .await?;
+      self
+        .command_runner
+        .borrow()
+        .run_successfully(
+          "cp",
+          args!["-a", self.storage.read_filename()?, self.path.as_ref()],
+        )
+        .await
     } else {
-      self.command_runner.borrow().run_successfully(
-        "cp",
-        args!["-a", self.path.as_ref(), self.storage.write_filename()],
-      )
+      self
+        .command_runner
+        .borrow()
+        .run_successfully(
+          "cp",
+          args!["-a", self.path.as_ref(), self.storage.write_filename()],
+        )
+        .await
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/symbols/systemd/reload.rs b/src/symbols/systemd/reload.rs
index 36ea5ac..ee35965 100644
--- a/src/symbols/systemd/reload.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/systemd/reload.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
@@ -21,15 +22,20 @@ impl<_C, C, S> ReloadService<_C, C, S> {
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<S: AsRef<str>, _C: CommandRunner, C: Borrow<_C>> Symbol for ReloadService<_C, C, S> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     Ok(true)
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    self.command_runner.borrow().run_successfully(
-      "systemctl",
-      args!["reload-or-restart", self.service.as_ref()],
-    )
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    self
+      .command_runner
+      .borrow()
+      .run_successfully(
+        "systemctl",
+        args!["reload-or-restart", self.service.as_ref()],
+      )
+      .await
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/symbols/systemd/user_service.rs b/src/symbols/systemd/user_service.rs
index 5f2b31b..9947f98 100644
--- a/src/symbols/systemd/user_service.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/systemd/user_service.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+use crate::async_utils::sleep;
 use crate::command_runner::{CommandRunner, SetuidCommandRunner};
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::path::Path;
-use std::thread::sleep;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -29,10 +30,10 @@ impl<S: AsRef<Path>, U: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> UserService<'static, S, U,
 }
 
 impl<S: AsRef<Path>, U: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> UserService<'_, S, U, R> {
-  fn systemctl_wait_for_dbus(&self, args: &[&OsStr]) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn systemctl_wait_for_dbus(&self, args: &[&OsStr]) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {
     let mut tries = 5;
     loop {
-      let result = self.command_runner.run_with_args("systemctl", args)?;
+      let result = self.command_runner.run_with_args("systemctl", args).await?;
       if result.status.success() {
         return Ok(String::from_utf8(result.stdout)?.trim_end().to_string());
       } else {
@@ -46,28 +47,35 @@ impl<S: AsRef<Path>, U: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> UserService<'_, S, U, R> {
       if tries == 0 {
         return Err("Gave up waiting for dbus to appear".to_string().into());
       }
-      sleep(Duration::from_millis(500));
+      sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;
     }
   }
 
-  fn check_if_service(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn check_if_service(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     loop {
-      let active_state = self.systemctl_wait_for_dbus(args![
-        "--user",
-        "show",
-        "--property",
-        "ActiveState",
-        self.service_name,
-      ])?;
+      let active_state = self
+        .systemctl_wait_for_dbus(args![
+          "--user",
+          "show",
+          "--property",
+          "ActiveState",
+          self.service_name,
+        ])
+        .await?;
       match active_state.as_ref() {
-        "ActiveState=activating" => sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)),
+        "ActiveState=activating" => sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await,
         "ActiveState=active" => return Ok(true),
         "ActiveState=failed" => {
           return Err(
-            String::from_utf8(self.command_runner.get_output(
-              "journalctl",
-              args!["--user", format!("--user-unit={}", self.service_name)],
-            )?)?
+            String::from_utf8(
+              self
+                .command_runner
+                .get_output(
+                  "journalctl",
+                  args!["--user", format!("--user-unit={}", self.service_name)],
+                )
+                .await?,
+            )?
             .into(),
           )
         }
@@ -77,24 +85,29 @@ impl<S: AsRef<Path>, U: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> UserService<'_, S, U, R> {
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<S: AsRef<Path>, U: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> Symbol for UserService<'_, S, U, R> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
-    self.check_if_service()
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+    self.check_if_service().await
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    self.systemctl_wait_for_dbus(args!["--user", "enable", self.service_name])?;
-    self.systemctl_wait_for_dbus(args!["--user", "restart", self.service_name])?;
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    self
+      .systemctl_wait_for_dbus(args!["--user", "enable", self.service_name])
+      .await?;
+    self
+      .systemctl_wait_for_dbus(args!["--user", "restart", self.service_name])
+      .await?;
 
     loop {
-      if !(self.check_if_service()?) {
+      if !(self.check_if_service().await?) {
         return Err("Generic error".into());
       }
 
       if self.socket_path.as_ref().exists() {
         return Ok(());
       }
-      sleep(Duration::from_millis(500));
+      sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/symbols/systemd/user_session.rs b/src/symbols/systemd/user_session.rs
index c186ee9..5de3342 100644
--- a/src/symbols/systemd/user_session.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/systemd/user_session.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::path::Path;
 
@@ -18,16 +19,18 @@ impl<'a, U, C> UserSession<'a, U, C> {
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<U: AsRef<str>, C: CommandRunner> Symbol for UserSession<'_, U, C> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     let path = Path::new("/var/lib/systemd/linger").join(self.user_name.as_ref());
     Ok(path.exists())
     // Could also do `loginctl show-user ${self.user_name} | grep -F 'Linger=yes`
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     self
       .command_runner
       .run_successfully("loginctl", args!["enable-linger", self.user_name.as_ref()])
+      .await
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/symbols/tls/csr.rs b/src/symbols/tls/csr.rs
index e460ea0..3b35681 100644
--- a/src/symbols/tls/csr.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/tls/csr.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -23,37 +24,43 @@ impl<C, D, K, P> Csr<C, D, K, P> {
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<C: CommandRunner, D: Borrow<str>, K: Borrow<Path>, P: Borrow<Path>> Symbol
   for Csr<C, D, K, P>
 {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     if !self.csr_path.borrow().exists() {
       return Ok(false);
     }
 
-    let output = self.command_runner.get_stderr(
-      "openssl",
-      args!["req", "-in", self.csr_path.borrow(), "-noout", "-verify",],
-    )?;
+    let output = self
+      .command_runner
+      .get_stderr(
+        "openssl",
+        args!["req", "-in", self.csr_path.borrow(), "-noout", "-verify",],
+      )
+      .await?;
     Ok(output == b"verify OK\n")
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    self.command_runner.run_successfully(
-      "openssl",
-      args![
-        "req",
-        "-new",
-        "-sha256",
-        "-key",
-        self.key_path.borrow(),
-        "-out",
-        self.csr_path.borrow(),
-        "-subj",
-        format!("/CN={}", self.domain.borrow()),
-      ],
-    )?;
-    Ok(())
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    self
+      .command_runner
+      .run_successfully(
+        "openssl",
+        args![
+          "req",
+          "-new",
+          "-sha256",
+          "-key",
+          self.key_path.borrow(),
+          "-out",
+          self.csr_path.borrow(),
+          "-subj",
+          format!("/CN={}", self.domain.borrow()),
+        ],
+      )
+      .await
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/symbols/tls/key.rs b/src/symbols/tls/key.rs
index f1cb847..c5287c0 100644
--- a/src/symbols/tls/key.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/tls/key.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::path::Path;
 
@@ -22,37 +23,44 @@ impl<C, P> Key<C, P> {
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<C: CommandRunner, P: AsRef<Path>> Symbol for Key<C, P> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     if !self.file_path.as_ref().exists() {
       return Ok(false);
     }
 
-    let stdout = self.command_runner.get_output(
-      "openssl",
-      args![
-        "rsa",
-        "-in",
-        self.file_path.as_ref(),
-        "-noout",
-        "-check",
-        "-text",
-      ],
-    )?;
+    let stdout = self
+      .command_runner
+      .get_output(
+        "openssl",
+        args![
+          "rsa",
+          "-in",
+          self.file_path.as_ref(),
+          "-noout",
+          "-check",
+          "-text",
+        ],
+      )
+      .await?;
     // FIXME check bytes
     Ok(stdout.ends_with(b"RSA key ok\n"))
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    self.command_runner.run_successfully(
-      "openssl",
-      args![
-        "genrsa",
-        "-out",
-        self.file_path.as_ref(),
-        self.get_bytes().to_string(),
-      ],
-    )
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    self
+      .command_runner
+      .run_successfully(
+        "openssl",
+        args![
+          "genrsa",
+          "-out",
+          self.file_path.as_ref(),
+          self.get_bytes().to_string(),
+        ],
+      )
+      .await
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/symbols/user.rs b/src/symbols/user.rs
index a4d7ddd..16dd1b6 100644
--- a/src/symbols/user.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/user.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::error::Error;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -17,11 +18,13 @@ impl<U, C> User<U, C> {
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<U: AsRef<str>, C: CommandRunner> Symbol for User<U, C> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     let output = self
       .command_runner
-      .run_with_args("getent", args!["passwd", self.user_name.as_ref()])?;
+      .run_with_args("getent", args!["passwd", self.user_name.as_ref()])
+      .await?;
     match output.status.code() {
       Some(2) => Ok(false),
       Some(0) => Ok(true),
@@ -29,21 +32,24 @@ impl<U: AsRef<str>, C: CommandRunner> Symbol for User<U, C> {
     }
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    self.command_runner.run_successfully(
-      "adduser",
-      args![
-        // "-m", // Necessary for Fedora, not accepted in Debian
-        "--system",
-        self.user_name.as_ref(),
-      ],
-    )?;
-    Ok(())
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    self
+      .command_runner
+      .run_successfully(
+        "adduser",
+        args![
+          // "-m", // Necessary for Fedora, not accepted in Debian
+          "--system",
+          self.user_name.as_ref(),
+        ],
+      )
+      .await
   }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
+  use crate::async_utils::run;
   use crate::command_runner::StdCommandRunner;
   use crate::symbols::user::User;
   use crate::symbols::Symbol;
@@ -54,7 +60,7 @@ mod test {
       user_name: "nonexisting",
       command_runner: StdCommandRunner,
     };
-    assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().unwrap(), false);
+    assert_eq!(run(symbol.target_reached()).unwrap(), false);
   }
 
   #[test]
@@ -63,6 +69,6 @@ mod test {
       user_name: "root",
       command_runner: StdCommandRunner,
     };
-    assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(run(symbol.target_reached()).unwrap(), true);
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/symbols/wordpress/plugin.rs b/src/symbols/wordpress/plugin.rs
index 123346c..8c280d8 100644
--- a/src/symbols/wordpress/plugin.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/wordpress/plugin.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
+use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use regex::Regex;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fs::File as FsFile;
@@ -5,9 +8,6 @@ use std::io;
 use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader};
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
-use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
-use crate::symbols::Symbol;
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Plugin<'a, P, N, R> {
   base: P,
@@ -33,8 +33,9 @@ impl<'a, P: AsRef<Path>, N: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> Plugin<'a, P, N, R> {
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<P: AsRef<Path>, N: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> Symbol for Plugin<'_, P, N, R> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     let base_path = self.get_path();
     if !base_path.exists() {
       return Ok(false);
@@ -65,23 +66,26 @@ impl<P: AsRef<Path>, N: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> Symbol for Plugin<'_, P, N
         }
       }
     }
-    let upstream = self.command_runner.get_output(
-      "curl",
-      args![
-        "--form",
-        format!(
-          r###"plugins={{"plugins":{{"{0}/{0}.php":{{"Version":"{1}", "PluginURI":"{2}"}}}}}}"###,
-          self.name.as_ref(),
-          version,
-          plugin_uri
-        ),
-        "https://api.wordpress.org/plugins/update-check/1.1/",
-      ],
-    )?;
+    let upstream = self
+      .command_runner
+      .get_output(
+        "curl",
+        args![
+          "--form",
+          format!(
+            r###"plugins={{"plugins":{{"{0}/{0}.php":{{"Version":"{1}", "PluginURI":"{2}"}}}}}}"###,
+            self.name.as_ref(),
+            version,
+            plugin_uri
+          ),
+          "https://api.wordpress.org/plugins/update-check/1.1/",
+        ],
+      )
+      .await?;
     Ok(String::from_utf8(upstream)?.contains(r###""plugins":[]"###))
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     let source = format!(
       "https://downloads.wordpress.org/plugin/{}.zip",
       self.name.as_ref()
@@ -89,13 +93,18 @@ impl<P: AsRef<Path>, N: AsRef<str>, R: CommandRunner> Symbol for Plugin<'_, P, N
     let zip = format!("/tmp/{}.zip", self.name.as_ref());
     self
       .command_runner
-      .run_successfully("curl", args![source, "-o", zip])?;
+      .run_successfully("curl", args![source, "-o", zip])
+      .await?;
+    self
+      .command_runner
+      .run_successfully("rm", args!["-rf", self.get_path()])
+      .await?;
     self
       .command_runner
-      .run_successfully("rm", args!["-rf", self.get_path()])?;
-    self.command_runner.run_successfully(
-      "unzip",
-      args![zip, "-d", self.base.as_ref().join("wp-content/plugins")],
-    )
+      .run_successfully(
+        "unzip",
+        args![zip, "-d", self.base.as_ref().join("wp-content/plugins")],
+      )
+      .await
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/symbols/wordpress/translation.rs b/src/symbols/wordpress/translation.rs
index 15dacd2..93b7344 100644
--- a/src/symbols/wordpress/translation.rs
+++ b/src/symbols/wordpress/translation.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::command_runner::CommandRunner;
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use regex::Regex;
 use std::cmp::max;
 use std::error::Error;
@@ -59,8 +60,9 @@ impl<C: AsRef<str>, D: AsRef<Path>, R: CommandRunner> Translation<'_, C, D, R> {
   }
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<C: AsRef<str>, D: AsRef<Path>, R: CommandRunner> Symbol for Translation<'_, C, D, R> {
-  fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn target_reached(&self) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     let mut newest = String::new();
     let match_date = Regex::new("(?m)^\"PO-Revision-Date: (.+)\\+0000\\\\n\"$").unwrap();
     for (_, target) in self.get_pairs() {
@@ -86,14 +88,17 @@ impl<C: AsRef<str>, D: AsRef<Path>, R: CommandRunner> Symbol for Translation<'_,
         }
       }
     }
-    let upstream = self.command_runner.get_output(
-      "curl",
-      args![format!(
-        "https://api.wordpress.org/core/version-check/1.7/?version={}&locale={}",
-        self.version,
-        self.locale.as_ref()
-      )],
-    )?;
+    let upstream = self
+      .command_runner
+      .get_output(
+        "curl",
+        args![format!(
+          "https://api.wordpress.org/core/version-check/1.7/?version={}&locale={}",
+          self.version,
+          self.locale.as_ref()
+        )],
+      )
+      .await?;
     Ok(String::from_utf8(upstream)?.contains(&format!(
       r###"language":"{}","version":"{}","updated":"{}"###,
       self.locale.as_ref(),
@@ -102,11 +107,12 @@ impl<C: AsRef<str>, D: AsRef<Path>, R: CommandRunner> Symbol for Translation<'_,
     )))
   }
 
-  fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+  async fn execute(&self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     for (source, target) in self.get_pairs() {
       self
         .command_runner
-        .run_successfully("curl", args!["--compressed", "-o", target, source,])?;
+        .run_successfully("curl", args!["--compressed", "-o", target, source,])
+        .await?;
     }
     Ok(())
   }
diff --git a/src/templates/nginx/server.rs b/src/templates/nginx/server.rs
index 51178c4..fe7aa60 100644
--- a/src/templates/nginx/server.rs
+++ b/src/templates/nginx/server.rs
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ impl<T: AsRef<Path>> SocketSpec for T {
   }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct LocalTcpSocket(usize);
 
 impl LocalTcpSocket {
diff --git a/src/to_artifact.rs b/src/to_artifact.rs
index 2d20807..e158f07 100644
--- a/src/to_artifact.rs
+++ b/src/to_artifact.rs
@@ -21,5 +21,5 @@ impl<T: Resource> ToArtifact for Option<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T: Resource> ToArtifact for T {
-  type Artifact = T::Artifact;
+  type Artifact = <Self as Resource>::Artifact;
 }
diff --git a/tests/file.rs b/tests/file.rs
index 443eb2c..6cce6c5 100644
--- a/tests/file.rs
+++ b/tests/file.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use schematics::async_utils::run;
 use schematics::symbols::file::File as FileSymbol;
 use schematics::symbols::Symbol;
 use std::fs::File;
@@ -30,7 +31,9 @@ fn already_reached() {
   let dir = get_dir(Some("target content"));
   let symbol = get_symbol(dir.path());
 
-  assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().unwrap(), true);
+  run(async {
+    assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().await.unwrap(), true);
+  })
 }
 
 // Bad
@@ -39,9 +42,11 @@ fn wrong_prefix() {
   let dir = get_dir(Some("not target content"));
   let symbol = get_symbol(dir.path());
 
-  assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().unwrap(), false);
-  symbol.execute().unwrap();
-  assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().unwrap(), true);
+  run(async {
+    assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().await.unwrap(), false);
+    symbol.execute().await.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().await.unwrap(), true);
+  })
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -49,9 +54,11 @@ fn wrong_postfix() {
   let dir = get_dir(Some("target content not"));
   let symbol = get_symbol(dir.path());
 
-  assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().unwrap(), false);
-  symbol.execute().unwrap();
-  assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().unwrap(), true);
+  run(async {
+    assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().await.unwrap(), false);
+    symbol.execute().await.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().await.unwrap(), true);
+  })
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -59,9 +66,11 @@ fn empty_file() {
   let dir = get_dir(Some(""));
   let symbol = get_symbol(dir.path());
 
-  assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().unwrap(), false);
-  symbol.execute().unwrap();
-  assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().unwrap(), true);
+  run(async {
+    assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().await.unwrap(), false);
+    symbol.execute().await.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().await.unwrap(), true);
+  })
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -69,9 +78,11 @@ fn no_file() {
   let dir = get_dir(None);
   let symbol = get_symbol(dir.path());
 
-  assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().unwrap(), false);
-  symbol.execute().unwrap();
-  assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().unwrap(), true);
+  run(async {
+    assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().await.unwrap(), false);
+    symbol.execute().await.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().await.unwrap(), true);
+  })
 }
 
 // Exceptional cases
@@ -80,23 +91,29 @@ fn no_file() {
 fn may_not_read_file() {
   let symbol = FileSymbol::new(Path::new("/etc/shadow"), "");
 
-  assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().is_err(), true);
+  run(async {
+    assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().await.is_err(), true);
+  })
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn may_not_create_file() {
   let symbol = get_symbol(&Path::new("/proc/somefile"));
 
-  // Could also return an error
-  assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().unwrap(), false);
-  assert!(symbol.execute().is_err());
+  run(async {
+    // Could also return an error
+    assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().await.unwrap(), false);
+    assert!(symbol.execute().await.is_err());
+  })
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn directory_missing() {
   let symbol = get_symbol(&Path::new("/nonexisting"));
 
-  // Could also return an error
-  assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().unwrap(), false);
-  assert!(symbol.execute().is_err());
+  run(async {
+    // Could also return an error
+    assert_eq!(symbol.target_reached().await.unwrap(), false);
+    assert!(symbol.execute().await.is_err());
+  })
 }
diff --git a/tests/setup.rs b/tests/setup.rs
index 09be8c7..89be1e7 100644
--- a/tests/setup.rs
+++ b/tests/setup.rs
@@ -1,34 +1,52 @@
-use schematics::resources::{Cert, Csr, GitCheckout};
-use schematics::schema::SymbolRunner;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use schematics::async_utils::sleep;
+use schematics::loggers::{Logger, StoringLogger};
+use schematics::resources::{AcmeUser, Cert, Csr, GitCheckout};
 use schematics::symbols::Symbol;
 use schematics::Setup;
+use schematics::SymbolRunner;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::time::Duration;
 
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 struct TestSymbolRunner {
   count: Rc<RefCell<usize>>,
 }
 
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl SymbolRunner for TestSymbolRunner {
-  fn run_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug>(
+  async fn run_symbol<S: Symbol + Debug, L: Logger>(
     &self,
     _symbol: &S,
+    _logger: &L,
     _force: bool,
   ) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn Error>> {
     *self.count.borrow_mut() += 1;
+    sleep(Duration::from_millis(0)).await;
     Ok(false)
   }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn can_create_an_acme_user() {
+  let count = Rc::new(RefCell::new(0));
+  let runner = TestSymbolRunner {
+    count: Rc::clone(&count),
+  };
+  let setup = Setup::new(runner, StoringLogger::new());
+  assert_eq!((setup.add(AcmeUser).unwrap().0).0, "acme");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn runs_only_once() {
   let count = Rc::new(RefCell::new(0));
   let runner = TestSymbolRunner {
     count: Rc::clone(&count),
   };
-  let mut setup = Setup::new(runner);
+  let setup = Setup::new(runner, StoringLogger::new());
   assert_eq!(
     (setup.add(Csr("somehost")).unwrap().0)
       .as_ref()
@@ -52,7 +70,7 @@ fn can_create_an_acme_cert() {
   let runner = TestSymbolRunner {
     count: Rc::clone(&count),
   };
-  let mut setup = Setup::new(runner);
+  let setup = Setup::new(runner, StoringLogger::new());
   assert_eq!(
     (setup.add(Cert("somehost")).unwrap().0)
       .as_ref()
@@ -69,7 +87,7 @@ fn can_create_a_git_checkout() {
   let runner = TestSymbolRunner {
     count: Rc::clone(&count),
   };
-  let mut setup = Setup::new(runner);
+  let setup = Setup::new(runner, StoringLogger::new());
   setup
     .add(GitCheckout(
       "/tmp/somepath".into(),